the change of jeromín into d. john of austria was so natural and spontaneous that no one asked how a peasant could have turned into such an accomplished prince; but rather, how such a sublime personage could have been hidden for so long under such a humble disguise.
the undeniable law of heredity had without doubt impressed the august seal of his race on the child; the extreme tact with which god had endowed him, and the counsels of such a finished courtier as luis quijada and such a refined, great lady as do?a magdalena, had easily accomplished the miracle.
he was received by the public with enthusiasm, by the court with respect, and with real brotherly affection by the royal family. the king, pleased with his work, began to hope for great results from it; princess juana opened her arms and heart with all the frankness and goodness of her beautiful nature; and even prince carlos, who was hard and suspicious of his relations, from the first moment was affectionate. he called d. john apart one day with much mystery, and, taking a paper from his breast, made him swear that he would follow prince carlos to war whenever the time came. d. john promised, and the prince, satisfied, gave him a jewel with a big emerald for his cap.
but from the moment of his presentation at court d. john met what we should call, but which was not so called in his days, a twin soul in his nephew alexander farnese, who, from the first, shared his studies and his childish games, as later he shared d. john's labours, triumphs, joys and sorrows.
the king had convened the cortes in toledo for the 9th of december, with the idea of causing his son d. carlos to be sworn as prince of the asturias, and it seemed to him an opportune moment for presenting d. john as a royal prince in the official proceedings of the court.
the ceremony was fixed for the 22nd of february, 1560, and on the 12th the new queen isabel de valois, rightly called "of the peace," philip ii's third wife, made her first triumphant entry into toledo. she came by the gate of visagra, riding a white hackney, under a brocaded canopy with an embroidered fringe, and on the shields an "f" and "i," initials of philip and isabel. there were great festivities, which were interrupted by the queen having a slight attack of smallpox, which is why she did not attend the function. on the eve of this ceremony princess juana sent her brother d. john a very beautiful suit, begging him to wear it the next day. the good princess had herself settled and chosen the colours and trimmings, as she judged would best set off the good looks of the youth: a jacket and gown of deep red velvet, richly embroidered with gold and silver thread, and magnificent diamond buttons.
the oath was to be taken in the cathedral, at that time orphaned of its archbishop—who was the celebrated f. bartolomé de carranza, whom we have already met waiting on the last moments of the emperor.
but the storm which was gathering over the unfortunate prelate had already burst in all its fury, and he lay, ex-communicated, in the rigorous prisons of the holy office.
in the absence of the archbishop, the king addressed himself to the chapter, who fulfilled his wishes with pomp and magnificence worthy of the archiepiscopal church. the whole "trascoro" was hung with brocaded cloths, and at the end of the nave was erected a platform forty feet square, with eight steps, all covered with a costly carpet and surrounded by a gilt balustrade. at the back of the platform rose a sumptuous altar covered with gold brocade, and adorned with the richest jewels of the cathedral treasury. on the right a great canopy covered three thrones with faldstools and cushions, also of gold brocade; the centre one was for the king, the right-hand one for princess juana, and the left-hand one for prince carlos; at princess juana's side, but beyond the canopy, there was a seat, also of gold brocade, for d. john of austria.
photo anderson
alexander farnese, prince of parma
parmigiano, museo nazionale, naples
before the altar was a throne of crimson velvet for the cardinal-bishop of burgos, who was to receive the oath, and at his side a little table, with a cushion in front of it, all covered with velvet, where the oath was to be taken upon a gold cross and an open copy of the gospels. right and left of the nave, and at the foot of the platform, extended many rows of seats, some with backs and some without, according to the rank of those who were to occupy them, ambassadors of foreign powers, bishops, grandees, castillian nobles, and members of the cortes. the centre of the nave was empty, but in its entrances and at the ends, also in the seats raised above the nave, there was a dense crowd.
the first to arrive at the cathedral, at half-past eight in the morning, was the cardinal-bishop of burgos, in his cardinal's hat and cloak; he came riding a white mule, with purple trappings, which was led by two deacons, and before him went the pastoral cross, although he was not in his own diocese. he was preceded and followed by all his household and a great following of canons and gentlemen of the town, who made a brave show. this person was d. francisco hurtado mendoza y bobadilla, son of the marqués de ca?ete, d. diego, and grandson, through his mother do?a beatriz de bobadilla, of the celebrated marquesa de moya, favourite lady-in-waiting to the great "reina católica." he was much esteemed by philip ii for his virtues and learning, and as the author of the celebrated memorial presented soon after this date to the king, which has come down to posterity as a curious book, now rare, called "el tizón de la nobleza." the cardinal dismounted at the door "del perdón," where, arrayed in their pontificals, the archbishops of seville and granada, and the bishops of avila and pamplona received him.
the court arrived a quarter of an hour later. first came the prince of parma, alexander farnese, with the admiral of castille, the condes of benavente and de ure?a, the duques of nájera, alba, and francavila, the marquéses of denia, villena, ca?ete, mondejar, and camares; the maistre of montesa, the prior of st. juan en castilla and en león, and many other great lords, whose magnificence and luxury as regards their clothes, harness, and mounts were so great that the value of the trappings alone amounted to two thousand ducats, without counting that of the jewels and pearls; these were all embroidered like the clothes with gold thread, because ornaments of gold plates, being more showy, had been given up by the dandies as being vulgar.
behind this brilliant, dazzling group prince carlos and d. john came together, surrounded by all the officers of their respective households, and the good looks of the latter formed a great contrast to the worn and deformed figure of the former. the prince was pale to lividness from a quartan fever, and all the magnificence of his dress could not completely hide his crooked shoulders, the deformity of his back, or the unequal length of his legs. his dress was of dark grey cloth of gold with pearl and diamond buttons, and he rode a horse with rich trappings, the horse-cloth embroidered on grey cloth of gold to match his clothes. d. john's horse was black, and his trappings and horse-cloth were of velvet and gold, to match the costume, which we have already said was a present from his sister princess juana.
this illustrious and saintly princess came behind them in a litter, surrounded and followed by her ladies, all on horseback, on silver saddles, gorgeously dressed, and attended by pages, and "delighted," according to luis cabrera de córdoba, "to come without the french ladies, who, as the queen was ill of smallpox, did not appear at the solemnity." in honour of the occasion the princess had changed her usual simple dress for one of black velvet, with a few jewels and pearls in the head-dress.
last came the king, preceded by the four kings-at-arms, four archers, and four mace-bearers, all riding, and in front the conde de oropesa, also riding, uncovered, and holding the symbolical sword of justice naked at his shoulder. luis cabrera says, "he had begged the king, as he was ill and the weather was cold, to be allowed to wear a little cap, which was agreed to. observing that he was tall, and being annoyed, he (the king) ordered him to uncover, but he objected, because permission had been granted, which did not seem to him a great thing. the king never allowed anyone to usurp precedence or place which was not due to their office or rank, even if it was inconvenient."
after pontifical mass had been said by the cardinal of burgos, the king seated himself in the chair where he was to receive the oath, the duque de alba, with his staff in his hand as lord steward to the king, standing on the cardinal's right hand, and on the left the conde de oropesa, as bearer of the symbolical sword of justice, which rested naked on his shoulder. then the oldest king-at-arms mounted on the platform, and bowed first to the altar and then to the king, proclaiming on the gospel side, "oyez, oyez, oyez! the writing which will be read to you of the oath of homage and fidelity, which the very serene lady the infanta do?a juana, here present, and the very illustrious lord d. john of austria and the prelates, grandees, gentlemen, and members of the cortes of these realms, who by the command of the king, our lord, are here present to-day, make to his very serene and very illustrious prince d. carlos, eldest son of h.m., as prince of these realms during the long and happy days of h.m., and afterwards as king and their natural lord and owner."
the king-at-arms left, and then the licentiate menchaca, the oldest councillor of the chamber, mounted and read from the same gospel side the form of the oath, which was very long and dull. then the conde de oropesa went to princess juana, and informed her that she would be called on first to swear. the princess rose at once, and, accompanied beyond the canopy by the king and prince, went and knelt before the cardinal, who asked her, "will your highness, as infanta of castille, swear to guard and fulfil all that is contained in the writing of the oath just read?"
the princess, placing her hands on the gospels and the cross, replied, "i swear."
and the cardinal answered, "so help you god and the holy gospels."
then the princess went to kneel before the king to do homage, and placed her joined hands between those of the king, who asked her, "will you do homage once, twice, and three times; once, twice, and three times; once, twice, and three times; and will you promise and plight your word and faith that you will perform all that which the writing of the oath, which you have heard read, contains?"
"thus i promise," responded the princess.
and she then wished to kneel before the prince to kiss his hand; but he, standing up hurriedly, prevented her, and embraced her tenderly. princess juana returned to her seat under the canopy, and as there was no other prince to swear, the king-at-arms advanced again and cried, turning towards the seat of the grandees, "marqués de mondejar! mount up and take the oath of homage." then the marqués de mondejar mounted the platform, and placed himself standing at the cardinal's left, and behind him three councillors of the royal council of castille, and four of that of aragón, to serve as witnesses.
then the secretary, francisco de eraso, came forward and said to the king, according to the record of these courts, "that it is known that the illustrious d. john of austria has not completed his fourteenth year; but, as he wished it to be known that he has discretion, ability, and understanding already in great abundance, h.m. supplies the defect, so that he may be able to take the oath and do homage, in case it should be necessary, and h.m. having specially heard, in intelligible voice answered and said that such was his will, notwithstanding the law of these realms. when the most illustrious d. john of austria heard this he rose from the chair where he was and went before the most reverend cardinal, and took the same oath as the princess had taken, and, this done, he rose and went to the said marqués de mondejar, who was standing in front of h.m., and, putting his hands between those of the said marqués, did the homage contained in the said writing of the oath and homage, which he did in sign of obedience, subjection, and vassalage, and fidelity due to the very serene prince d. carlos, and knelt down on the ground and kissed his hand, and then went back to sit in the chair where he was before, as has been said."
after d. john of austria, the prelates, grandees, and nobles of castille took the oath, the members of the cortes, d. garcia de toledo, tutor to the prince, the conde de oropesa, the marqués de mondejar and the stewards of the king next swearing. the last to swear was the duque de alba, who as lord steward of the king had directed the ceremony, staff in hand; but being absent-minded, after making his homage, he forgot to kiss the prince's hand, who gave him such a look of anger and rancour, that no historian has forgotten to note and comment on it.
the duke remembered himself, and went at once to make his excuses to the prince, who then gave his hand to be kissed, but never forgot this trifling inattention, which he took for an affront. the cardinal of burgos afterwards took the oath at the hands of the archbishop of seville, and finally prince carlos wound up by doing so at the hands of d. john of austria, "to guard the statutes and laws of these kingdoms, maintaining them in peace and justice, and to defend the catholic faith with his person and property and all his might."
this ended the ceremony, and the court returned to the royal castle to the music of minstrels, trumpets and drums.
