when we buy a bird of the fancier, the good man tells us briefly what is necessary for our new pensioner, and the whole thing—hygiene, food, and the rest—is comprehended in a dozen words. likewise, to sum up the necessities of most men, a few concise lines would answer. their régime is in general of supreme simplicity, and so long as they follow it, all is well with them, as with every obedient child of mother nature. let them depart from it, complications arise, health fails, gayety vanishes. only simple and natural living can keep a body in full vigor. instead of remembering this basic principle, we fall into the strangest aberrations.
what material things does a man need to live under the best conditions? a healthful diet, simple clothing, a sanitary dwelling-place, air and exercise. i am not going to enter into hygienic details, [69]compose menus, or discuss model tenements and dress reform. my aim is to point out a direction and tell what advantage would come to each of us from ordering his life in a spirit of simplicity. to know that this spirit does not rule in our society we need but watch the lives of men of all classes. ask different people, of very unlike surroundings, this question: what do you need to live? you will see how they respond. nothing is more instructive. for some aboriginals of the parisian asphalt, there is no life possible outside a region bounded by certain boulevards. there one finds the respirable air, the illuminating light, normal heat, classic cookery, and, in moderation, so many other things without which it would not be worth the while to promenade this round ball.
on the various rungs of the bourgeois ladder people reply to the question, what is necessary to live? by figures varying with the degree of their ambition or education: and by education is oftenest understood the outward customs of life, the style of house, dress, table—an education precisely skin-deep. upward from a certain income, fee, or salary, life becomes possible: below that it is impossible. we have seen men commit suicide because their [70]means had fallen under a certain minimum. they preferred to disappear rather than retrench. observe that this minimum, the cause of their despair, would have been sufficient for others of less exacting needs, and enviable to men whose tastes are modest.
on lofty mountains vegetation changes with the altitude. there is the region of ordinary flora, that of the forests, that of pastures, that of bare rocks and glaciers. above a certain zone wheat is no longer found, but the vine still prospers. the oak ceases in the low regions, the pine flourishes at considerable heights. human life, with its needs, reminds one of these phenomena of vegetation.
at a certain altitude of fortune the financier thrives, the club-man, the society woman, all those in short for whom the strictly necessary includes a certain number of domestics and equipages, as well as several town and country houses. further on flourishes the rich upper middle class, with its own standards and life. in other regions we find men of ample, moderate, or small means, and very unlike exigencies. then come the people—artisans, day-laborers, peasants, in short, the masses, who live dense and serried like the thick, sturdy growths on [71]the summits of the mountains, where the larger vegetation can no longer find nourishment. in all these different regions of society men live, and no matter in which particular regions they flourish, all are alike human beings, bearing the same mark. how strange that among fellows there should be such a prodigious difference in requirements! and here the analogies of our comparison fail us. plants and animals of the same families have identical wants. in human life we observe quite the contrary. what conclusion shall we draw from this, if not that with us there is a considerable elasticity in the nature and number of needs?
is it well, is it favorable to the development of the individual and his happiness, and to the development and happiness of society, that man should have a multitude of needs, and bend his energies to their satisfaction? let us return for a moment to our comparison with inferior beings. provided that their essential wants are satisfied, they live content. is this true of men? no. in all classes of society we find discontent. i leave completely out of the question those who lack the necessities of life. one cannot with justice count in the number of malcontents those from whom hunger, cold, and misery [72]wring complaints. i am considering now that multitude of people who live under conditions at least supportable. whence comes their heart-burning? why is it found not only among those of modest though sufficient means, but also under shades of ever-increasing refinement, all along the ascending scale, even to opulence and the summits of social place? they talk of the contented middle classes. who talk of them? people who, judging from without, think that as soon as one begins to enjoy ease he ought to be satisfied. but the middle classes themselves—do they consider themselves satisfied? not the least in the world. if there are people at once rich and content, be assured that they are content because they know how to be so, not because they are rich. an animal is satisfied when it has eaten; it lies down and sleeps. a man also can lie down and sleep for a time, but it never lasts. when he becomes accustomed to this contentment, he tires of it and demands a greater. man's appetite is not appeased by food; it increases with eating. this may seem absurd, but it is strictly true.
and the fact that those who make the most outcry are almost always those who should find the best reasons for contentment, proves unquestionably [73]that happiness is not allied to the number of our needs and the zeal we put into their cultivation. it is for everyone's interest to let this truth sink deep into his mind. if it does not, if he does not by decisive action succeed in limiting his needs, he risks a descent, insensible and beyond retreat, along the declivity of desire.
he who lives to eat, drink, sleep, dress, take his walk,—in short, pamper himself all that he can—be it the courtier basking in the sun, the drunken laborer, the commoner serving his belly, the woman absorbed in her toilettes, the profligate of low estate or high, or simply the ordinary pleasure-lover, a "good fellow," but too obedient to material needs—that man or woman is on the downward way of desire, and the descent is fatal. those who follow it obey the same laws as a body on an inclined plane. dupes of an illusion forever repeated, they think: "just a few steps more, the last, toward the thing down there that we covet; then we will halt." but the velocity they gain sweeps them on, and the further they go the less able they are to resist it.
here is the secret of the unrest, the madness, of many of our contemporaries. having condemned their will to the service of their appetites, they [74]suffer the penalty. they are delivered up to violent passions which devour their flesh, crush their bones, suck their blood, and cannot be sated. this is not a lofty moral denunciation. i have been listening to what life says, and have recorded, as i heard them, some of the truths that resound in every square.
has drunkenness, inventive as it is of new drinks, found the means of quenching thirst? not at all. it might rather be called the art of making thirst inextinguishable. frank libertinage, does it deaden the sting of the senses? no; it envenoms it, converts natural desire into a morbid obsession and makes it the dominant passion. let your needs rule you, pamper them—you will see them multiply like insects in the sun. the more you give them, the more they demand. he is senseless who seeks for happiness in material prosperity alone. as well undertake to fill the cask of the dana?des. to those who have millions, millions are wanting; to those who have thousands, thousands. others lack a twenty-franc piece or a hundred sous. when they have a chicken in the pot, they ask for a goose; when they have the goose, they wish it were a turkey, and so on. we shall never learn how [75]fatal this tendency is. there are too many humble people who wish to imitate the great, too many poor working-men who ape the well-to-do middle classes, too many shop-girls who play at being ladies, too many clerks who act the club-man or sportsman; and among those in easy circumstances and the rich, are too many people who forget that what they possess could serve a better purpose than procuring pleasure for themselves, only to find in the end that one never has enough. our needs, in place of the servants that they should be, have become a turbulent and seditious crowd, a legion of tyrants in miniature. a man enslaved to his needs may best be compared to a bear with a ring in its nose, that is led about and made to dance at will. the likeness is not flattering, but you will grant that it is true. it is in the train of their own needs that so many of those men are dragged along who rant for liberty, progress, and i don't know what else. they cannot take a step without asking themselves if it might not irritate their masters. how many men and women have gone on and on, even to dishonesty, for the sole reason that they had too many needs and could not resign themselves to simple living. there are many guests in the [76]chambers of mazas who could give us much light on the subject of too exigent needs.
let me tell you the story of an excellent man whom i knew. he tenderly loved his wife and children, and they all lived together, in france, in comfort and plenty, but with little of the luxury the wife coveted. always short of money, though with a little management he might have been at ease, he ended by exiling himself to a distant colony, leaving his wife and children in the mother country. i don't know how the poor man can feel off there; but his family has a finer apartment, more beautiful toilettes, and what passes for an equipage. at present they are perfectly contented, but soon they will be used to this luxury—rudimentary after all. then madam will find her furniture common and her equipage mean. if this man loves his wife—and that cannot be doubted—he will migrate to the moon if there is hope of a larger stipend. in other cases the r?les are reversed, and the wife and children are sacrificed to the ravenous needs of the head of the family, whom an irregular life, play, and countless other costly follies have robbed of all dignity. between his appetites and his r?le of father he has decided for the former, [77]and he slowly drifts toward the most abject egoism.
this forgetfulness of all responsibility, this gradual benumbing of noble feeling, is not alone to be found among pleasure-seekers of the upper classes: the people also are infected. i know more than one little household, which ought to be happy, where the mother has only pain and heartache day and night, the children are barefoot, and there is great ado for bread. why? because too much money is needed by the father. to speak only of the expenditure for alcohol, everybody knows the proportions that has reached in the last twenty years. the sums swallowed up in this gulf are fabulous—twice the indemnity of the war of 1870. how many legitimate needs could have been satisfied with that which has been thrown away on these artificial ones! the reign of wants is by no means the reign of brotherhood. the more things a man desires for himself, the less he can do for his neighbor, and even for those attached to him by ties of blood.
the [78]destruction of happiness, independence, moral fineness, even of the sentiment of common interests—such is the result of the reign of needs. a multitude of other unfortunate things might be added, of which not the least is the disturbance of the public welfare. when society has too great needs, it is absorbed with the present, sacrifices to it the conquests of the past, immolates to it the future. after us the deluge! to raze the forests in order to get gold; to squander your patrimony in youth, destroying in a day the fruit of long years; to warm your house by burning your furniture; to burden the future with debts for the sake of present pleasure; to live by expedients and sow for the morrow trouble, sickness, ruin, envy and hate—the enumeration of all the misdeeds of this fatal régime has no end.
on the other hand, if we hold to simple needs we avoid all these evils and replace them by measureless good. that temperance and sobriety are the best guardians of health is an old story. they spare him who observes them many a misery that saddens existence; they insure him health, love of action, mental poise. whether it be a question of food, dress, or dwelling, simplicity of taste is also a [79]source of independence and safety. the more simply you live, the more secure is your future; you are less at the mercy of surprises and reverses. an illness or a period of idleness does not suffice to dispossess you: a change of position, even considerable, does not put you to confusion. having simple needs, you find it less painful to accustom yourself to the hazards of fortune. you remain a man, though you lose your office or your income, because the foundation on which your life rests is not your table, your cellar, your horses, your goods and chattels, or your money. in adversity you will not act like a nursling deprived of its bottle and rattle. stronger, better armed for the struggle, presenting, like those with shaven heads, less advantage to the hands of your enemy, you will also be of more profit to your neighbor. for you will not rouse his jealousy, his base desires or his censure, by your luxury, your prodigality, or the spectacle of a sycophant's life; and, less absorbed in your own comfort, you will find the means of working for that of others.
