when a new class of cadets reports at west point, it is composed of men as diverse in appearance, in points of view, and in character as the parts of the country from which they come. but after they have been at the academy for a couple of years a marked change occurs, and by the time they are ready to graduate they have undergone a complete metamorphosis. in some mysterious manner they seem to have been leveled to a certain standard, like some scraggly hedge that has been scrupulously trimmed by its painstaking guardian. the fat ones have lost their extra pounds; the thin ones have made good their deficit; the round-shouldered have straightened up, and the hollow-chested have filled out. instead of a heterogeneous looking lot of men, they give the impression of having been made from the same die. and then too there is a uniformity about their point of view. whereas at entrance their whole thought was colored by the life from which they came and by what they hoped to be, once enrolled in the corps, they quickly and involuntarily 277 have found themselves worshiping identical ideals—the ideals of duty, honor, and country. they have discovered at west point certain standards that have been approved by other men, and they have gradually adopted them as their own. but the real stamp of west point appears in their faces. the imprint is evident wherever a group of the cadets are gathered together, but it is never so apparent as at the graduation ceremonies when the cadets individually mount the platform to receive their diplomas. then one can see a certain look in the eye and a certain feeling of strength about the features that is the same. it is the look of men who have accomplished something and of the strength that comes from character.

what, you ask, is this leveling influence at the academy? it comes from discipline, the discipline of the body, the discipline of the mind, and the discipline of the soul. it is the one governing factor in the success of west point. all three kinds of it begin on the day that the cadet reports for duty, and continues without interruption during his entire course. the discipline of the body and the mind is a comparatively simple affair, especially when there is a willingness on the part of the subject, but the discipline of the soul is the influence that is hardest to make cadets appreciate. some people shy when the word discipline is mentioned; they think that it means to break a man’s will and to destroy his individuality, 278 but that is not so. the discipline that i speak of is a process of education whereby a man’s mental attitude is trained to a certain viewpoint; whereby his actions unconsciously respond to the correct ethical view of his duty. it is aimed to teach respect for law and order, to teach truthfulness and honesty, loyalty and obedience. it inculcates respect for superiors, if not for the man, then for the office that he holds. it teaches a soldier the sacredness of orders; it is the quality without which no army is successful.

under this strong influence of discipline come men from all sections of our great country and from all classes of society. viewed exteriorly they are, upon reporting, as motley a looking lot as could be imagined. an examination of their interiors would reveal natures and characters of equal variety. some come from homes where they have received the most careful moral nurture; others from environments of vague and lax standards. side by side with youths who are models of truth are lads with uncertain ideas of right and wrong. among the throng are brilliant boys and stupid ones; well-educated lads and those whose advantages have been of the most limited sort; sons of rich men and boys who have known the meaning of want. from everywhere they come: from the city and from the farm; from the mountain and from the plain.

it is interesting to dwell for a moment on the following table showing the sources of the personnel 279 of the cadet body. herein are listed the occupations of the parents of the cadets and the number engaged in each, covering a period of fifty years.

accountants 3

agents 62

architects 5

artists 4

auctioneer 1

auditor 1

author 1

baggagemaster 1

bakers 4

bankers and bank officers 90

barbers 4

bookkeepers 18

brewers 3

brokers 40

builders 2

butchers 2

capitalist 1

chief of police 1

city marshal 1

clergymen 128

clerk of house of representatives 1

clerks 90

collectors 4

commercial travelers 13

conductors 2

contractors 38

cook 1

cotton buyer 1280

county officers 74

cutlery commissioner 1

dairyman 2

dentists 14

detectives 2

distiller 1

dock commissioner 1

dock master 1

draftsman 1

druggists 13

editors 62

electroplater 1

engineers:

civil 13

mechanical 10

locomotive 3

stationary 1

enlisted men 4

express business 2

farmers and planters 1,149

fishing master 1

foreman 1

gardeners 3

general business 5

hatter 1

heads of corporations 10

hotel keepers 55

iceman 1

importer 1

inspector of buildings 1

inspectors of factories 2

inspectors of police 2

insurance business 38281

inventor 1

jewelers 3

journalists 8

justice of peace 1

laborers 29

lawyers and judges 645

letter carriers 1

librarians 2

lithographer 1

liverymen 15

lumbermen 20

manager of brewery 1

manager of engines and boilers 1

manager of factory 1

manager of land company 1

manufacturers 151

marble dealer 1

mechanics 341

member of city board 1

member of state legislature 1

members of congress 32

merchant tailor 1

merchants 722

messenger 1

millers 11

mining 26

museum keeper 1

musician, band leader 1

musicians 2

newspaper correspondent 1

newspaper manager 1

no occupation 191

nurserymen 6282

officers of the army 362

officers of the navy 59

officers of volunteers 21

oil business 2

overseers 4

photographers 6

physicians 367

pilot 1

policemen 7

police justices 2

politicians 3

postmasters 5

president of manufacturing company 1

president of steam heating company 1

president of wire mill 1

presidents of colleges 4

presidents of insurance companies 3

printers 12

professors 27

proprietor of elevator company 1

publishers 8

railroad employees 6

railroad officers 13

ranchmen 2

real estate 37

restaurant keeper 1

salesmen 5

saloonkeeper 1

school teachers 56

secretaries 14

ship captains 25

speculators 10

state officers 27283

steamboatman 1

steward 1

stock dealers (cattle) 10

stock raisers 6

stocks 1

superintendent of coal and iron company 1

superintendent of factory 1

superintendent of iron work 1

superintendent of mine 1

superintendent of prison 1

superintendent of railroad 1

superintendents of gas works 2

superintendents of schools 4

surveyors 5

tanners 2

teacher of garment cutting 1

teacher of music 1

teamster 1

theater manager 1

undertakers 5

united states civil officers 85

unknown 39

wagonmaster 1

warden of prison 1

it is to the sons of men in this list that west point applies its discipline in order to create the type of officer that the government desires for its army. from them must be eliminated the unfit and the unworthy during the molding process to which they are subjected.

the immediate effect of the application of discipline to this variety of material is the creation of 284 an ideal democracy. all of the new arrivals are thrown indiscriminately into the melting pot, and no attention is paid to any man’s antecedents. the boys of rich and influential parents are not allowed little life-preservers of wealth, family, and position whereby they might remain on top, but they must boil away, sometimes on top, sometimes at the bottom of the pot, rubbing and bumping against boys to whom riches and influence are strangers. whether they sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, depends on individual effort alone. men are esteemed at west point for what they are and not for what they have. each man feeling that he has as good an opportunity to succeed as the other man becomes imbued from the outset of his cadet career with the spirit of democracy that exists at the academy.

from the moment that a cadet enters west point, his past life, experiences, advantages, record, disappear into oblivion so far as the authorities and other cadets are concerned. no reference is ever made to any cadet’s home, to his connections, to his family, unless he introduces the subject. once he becomes a cadet, a new clean sheet of his life is started for him, and whatever is entered thereon depends solely upon himself. every man at west point has the same chance—the chance of advancement based upon merit and efficiency and upon nothing else. it makes no difference to the officers in charge or to the other cadets whether a man’s family is wealthy or distinguished. 285 as a matter of fact this information is rarely known because all of the cadets report together; they are totally unknown to those in charge so that there is no possible way to ascertain anything about the cadet’s antecedents. they lose their identity completely, and so much so that the upper-classmen take months to learn their real names, meanwhile calling them by the generic names, ducrot, dumbguard, and dumbjohn.

the character of the rooms in barracks illustrates most strikingly this democratic ideal that discipline fosters. the plain and homely furnishings of each room are identical in pattern, material, and quantity, so that no cadet is housed better than his fellow. the walls are free from pictures, the windows from curtains, the floors from rugs. there are no soft easy chairs but only an old-fashioned wooden one for each man, that is as hard for the rich cadet as for the poor mr. ducrot. nor are there any cliques that occupy particular rooms in the barracks. each company has so many rooms for its members, and as far as possible the men within the company may choose their roommates. their selection is made on mutual attraction and congeniality solely. whenever two chaps enjoy each other’s companionship, that indefinable mingling of mute spirits, they try to room together.

and then again, the cadets are free from the distinctions and the social barriers that money 286 creates. they are prohibited from receiving any money from their homes and are not allowed the handling of the pay that they receive from the government. instead, the authorities supply all of their wants, their food, their clothing, their books, their amusements, so that they might have no need of cash. in fact there is but one store on the reservation where they can spend money, and that is a place called “the boodlers,” a sort of a general store at the foot of the hill near the gas tank. here they may, if out of debt, obtain a permit for two dollars per month, and only those cadets with permits are allowed even to enter the store.

in this ideal democracy, among the influences that are considered prejudicial to good order and military discipline are drinking, gambling, and cigarette smoking. all alcoholic drinks are consequently banished from the life of the young embryo officer, for he must keep a clear brain in order to think straight and master his problems. he is permitted only the wholesome beverages of milk, tea, and coffee that are supplied in the greatest abundance. occasionally there is a case of drinking among the cadet body, but as a vice, intoxication does not exist at the military academy. one has only to look at the healthy ruddy complexions of the cadets to be convinced of the truth of this statement. any girl might envy them their skins, whose brilliancy and transparency would soon disappear if late hours and beer 287 were permitted. nor is there any gambling in the corps, unless the betting of one’s ice cream on the result of some football game be so considered. the cadets are not even allowed the use of cards or of any games of chance. they may not indulge in so harmless a pastime as bridge. their chief solace in their free moments must be their pipes of briar, for cigarettes are frowned upon and regarded as contraband of war, liable to seizure by any tactical officer. the weed is confiscated and the cadet receives a report. what becomes of those confiscated cigarettes has always been a matter of great speculation. tactical officers are always under suspicion. i remember one case where a cadet was caught with three hundred cigarettes in his possession and told by his officer to turn them in at the guardhouse. this order grieved the cadet very much because he felt that perhaps someone else would enjoy those cherished smokes. he therefore bored a hole in each one with a pin, before complying with his directions. soon after turning in the cigarettes, he was reported for having mutilated them and was made to walk punishment tours on the area for many days. the inference was that some disappointed tactical officer could not make the cigarettes draw.

the ability to maintain a high state of discipline at west point is due partially to the wisdom of placing the instruction of the cadets in the hands of officers who are themselves graduates of the 288 academy. the officers have more prestige with the cadets and they understand better the preparation of these young men for their future duties than could civilian instructors. they have to a greater degree than most instructors the prestige of a physical and moral superiority over their students. they are familiar with the spirit of the institution and are always on the alert to guard against corrupt influences. they better understand how to instill the austere virtues that a soldier ought to have, and how to form a brave and virile heart in their young charges. in a measure they re-create the man and develop in him the national soul.

the attitude of the cadets themselves, however, toward their discipline is the real reason for the success of west point’s efforts to turn out men who are high-minded and honorable. they are as zealous as the officers over them in seeing that their associates live up to certain standards. honor is their shibboleth, and each new man upon his arrival is instructed in what is meant by corps honor. upper-classmen give the plebes lectures wherein they explain the ethics that govern their body, and leave them no room for doubt regarding the penalties for an infringement of their code. from the outset of their careers cadets are taught the hatred of a lie, and are made to understand that only by the most scrupulous regard for the truth, every detail of it, can they be considered fit to hold their places as cadets and gentlemen. 289 any cadet who is found guilty of making a false statement regarding even the most trifling circumstance is dismissed. if he is caught in a dishonorable act, he is reported by his fellows to the authorities, or told by his classmates that his resignation would be favorably received. in order to do justice to any man accused of breaking the code, the cadets have among their body a vigilance committee that is composed of representatives from the three upper classes. these men investigate all questionable acts that ordinarily would not come to the eyes of the authorities, and if they are satisfied that the man is guilty they report him. for example, at the written examinations the officers never supervise the cadets as regards their moral conduct, but frequently leave the room for long periods. if any man should take advantage of these circumstances to cheat, his act, if seen by a comrade, is at once reported to either the vigilance committee or to the officers. it is apparent therefore that the honor of the corps will always remain unsullied so long as it is left in the hands of the cadets themselves.

a review for the chief of the staff of the army

this rigid code of discipline to which the cadet is subjected for four years and the influence of the honor system in the corps develop in him to a high degree the sentiment of duty. at west point duty comes first. the idea is that when a cadet is given a task to perform he will approach it with a strength of purpose that never gets weary 290 or tired. it teaches him to make his resolve so strong that he can listen to the murmurings of the ignorant, to their sophistry, receive their insults and slanders, conscious that the ideals for which he stands will eventually triumph. it is the sentiment that will sustain him not only in time of war, for then he has the sympathy of the people, but in time of peace when the average layman who does not understand the character of his work condemns it as an activity that produces nothing.

the result of four years’ immersion in the atmosphere at west point is the molding of the cadet’s character. when he entered the academy he was just a boy, fresh from the hands of his parents and still malleable, but when his course has been completed under the painstaking care of his foster mother, his standards have been crystallized and he has developed into a man of courage, intellect, and honor. and when graduation day arrives, and west point hands each man his diploma, with it she gives her stamp of approval and acknowledges her willingness to entrust to his keeping the cherished traditions of the military academy.