as to the method, what can be said as yet except that where there is a will, there is a way? if there be no will, we are lost. that is a possibility for our crazy little empire, if not for the universe; and as such possibilities are not to be entertained without despair, we must, whilst we survive, proceed on the assumption that we have still energy enough to not only will to live, but to will to live better. that may mean that we must establish a state department of evolution, with a seat in the cabinet for its chief, and a revenue to defray the cost of direct state experiments, and provide inducements to private persons to achieve successful results. it may mean a private society or a chartered company for the improvement of human live stock. but for the present it is far more likely to mean a blatant repudiation of such proposals as indecent and immoral, with, nevertheless, a general secret pushing of the human will in the repudiated direction; so that all sorts of institutions and public authorities will under some pretext or other feel their way furtively towards the superman. mr graham wallas has already ventured to suggest, as chairman of the school management committee of the london school board, that the accepted policy of the sterilization of the schoolmistress, however administratively convenient, is open to criticism from the national stock-breeding point of view; and this is as good an example as any of the way in which the drift towards the superman may operate in spite of all our hypocrisies. one thing at least is clear to begin with. if a woman can, by careful selection of a father, and nourishment of herself, produce a citizen with efficient senses, sound organs, and a good digestion, she should clearly be secured a sufficient reward for that natural service to make her willing to undertake and repeat it. whether she be financed in the undertaking by herself, or by the father, or by a speculative capitalist, or by a new department of, say, the royal dublin society, or (as at present) by the war office maintaining her “on the strength” and authorizing a particular soldier to marry her, or by a local authority under a by-law directing that women may under certain circumstances have a year’s leave of absence on full salary, or by the central government, does not matter provided the result be satisfactory.
it is a melancholy fact that as the vast majority of women and their husbands have, under existing circumstances, not enough nourishment, no capital, no credit, and no knowledge of science or business, they would, if the state would pay for birth as it now pays for death, be exploited by joint stock companies for dividends, just as they are in ordinary industries. even a joint stock human stud farm (piously disguised as a reformed foundling hospital or something of that sort) might well, under proper inspection and regulation, produce better results than our present reliance on promiscuous marriage. it may be objected that when an ordinary contractor produces stores for sale to the government, and the government rejects them as not up to the required standard, the condemned goods are either sold for what they will fetch or else scrapped: that is, treated as waste material; whereas if the goods consisted of human beings, all that could be done would be to let them loose or send them to the nearest workhouse. but there is nothing new in private enterprise throwing its human refuse on the cheap labor market and the workhouse; and the refuse of the new industry would presumably be better bred than the staple product of ordinary poverty. in our present happy-go-lucky industrial disorder, all the human products, successful or not, would have to be thrown on the labor market; but the unsuccessful ones would not entitle the company to a bounty and so would be a dead loss to it. the practical commercial difficulty would be the uncertainty and the cost in time and money of the first experiments. purely commercial capital would not touch such heroic operations during the experimental stage; and in any case the strength of mind needed for so momentous a new departure could not be fairly expected from the stock exchange. it will have to be handled by statesmen with character enough to tell our democracy and plutocracy that statecraft does not consist in flattering their follies or applying their suburban standards of propriety to the affairs of four continents. the matter must be taken up either by the state or by some organization strong enough to impose respect upon the state.
the novelty of any such experiment, however, is only in the scale of it. in one conspicuous case, that of royalty, the state does already select the parents on purely political grounds; and in the peerage, though the heir to a dukedom is legally free to marry a dairymaid, yet the social pressure on him to confine his choice to politically and socially eligible mates is so overwhelming that he is really no more free to marry the dairymaid than george iv was to marry mrs fitzherbert; and such a marriage could only occur as a result of extraordinary strength of character on the part of the dairymaid acting upon extraordinary weakness on the part of the duke. let those who think the whole conception of intelligent breeding absurd and scandalous ask themselves why george iv was not allowed to choose his own wife whilst any tinker could marry whom he pleased? simply because it did not matter a rap politically whom the tinker married, whereas it mattered very much whom the king married. the way in which all considerations of the king’s personal rights, of the claims of the heart, of the sanctity of the marriage oath, and of romantic morality crumpled up before this political need shews how negligible all these apparently irresistible prejudices are when they come into conflict with the demand for quality in our rulers. we learn the same lesson from the case of the soldier, whose marriage, when it is permitted at all, is despotically controlled with a view solely to military efficiency.
well, nowadays it is not the king that rules, but the tinker. dynastic wars are no longer feared, dynastic alliances no longer valued. marriages in royal families are becoming rapidly less political, and more popular, domestic, and romantic. if all the kings in europe were made as free tomorrow as king cophetua, nobody but their aunts and chamberlains would feel a moment’s anxiety as to the consequences. on the other hand a sense of the social importance of the tinker’s marriage has been steadily growing. we have made a public matter of his wife’s health in the month after her confinement. we have taken the minds of his children out of his hands and put them into those of our state schoolmaster. we shall presently make their bodily nourishment independent of him. but they are still riff-raff; and to hand the country over to riff-raff is national suicide, since riff-raff can neither govern nor will let anyone else govern except the highest bidder of bread and circuses. there is no public enthusiast alive of twenty years’ practical democratic experience who believes in the political adequacy of the electorate or of the bodies it elects. the overthrow of the aristocrat has created the necessity for the superman.
englishmen hate liberty and equality too much to understand them. but every englishman loves and desires a pedigree. and in that he is right. king demos must be bred like all other kings; and with must there is no arguing. it is idle for an individual writer to carry so great a matter further in a pamphlet. a conference on the subject is the next step needed. it will be attended by men and women who, no longer believing that they can live for ever, are seeking for some immortal work into which they can build the best of themselves before their refuse is thrown into that arch dust destructor, the cremation furnace.
