it may be said that though the wild beast breaks out in man and casts him back momentarily into barbarism under the excitement of war and crime, yet his normal life is higher than the normal life of his forefathers. this view is very acceptable to englishmen, who always lean sincerely to virtue’s side as long as it costs them nothing either in money or in thought. they feel deeply the injustice of foreigners, who allow them no credit for this conditional highmindedness. but there is no reason to suppose that our ancestors were less capable of it than we are. to all such claims for the existence of a progressive moral evolution operating visibly from grandfather to grandson, there is the conclusive reply that a thousand years of such evolution would have produced enormous social changes, of which the historical evidence would be overwhelming. but not macaulay himself, the most confident of whig meliorists, can produce any such evidence that will bear cross-examination. compare our conduct and our codes with those mentioned contemporarily in such ancient scriptures and classics as have come down to us, and you will find no jot of ground for the belief that any moral progress whatever has been made in historic time, in spite of all the romantic attempts of historians to reconstruct the past on that assumption. within that time it has happened to nations as to private families and individuals that they have flourished and decayed, repented and hardened their hearts, submitted and protested, acted and reacted, oscillated between natural and artificial sanitation (the oldest house in the world, unearthed the other day in crete, has quite modern sanitary arrangements), and rung a thousand changes on the different scales of income and pressure of population, firmly believing all the time that mankind was advancing by leaps and bounds because men were constantly busy. and the mere chapter of accidents has left a small accumulation of chance discoveries, such as the wheel, the arch, the safety pin, gunpowder, the magnet, the voltaic pile and so forth: things which, unlike the gospels and philosophic treatises of the sages, can be usefully understood and applied by common men; so that steam locomotion is possible without a nation of stephensons, although national christianity is impossible without a nation of christs. but does any man seriously believe that the chauffeur who drives a motor car from paris to berlin is a more highly evolved man than the charioteer of achilles, or that a modern prime minister is a more enlightened ruler than caesar because he rides a tricycle, writes his dispatches by the electric light, and instructs his stockbroker through the telephone?
enough, then, of this goose-cackle about progress: man, as he is, never will nor can add a cubit to his stature by any of its quackeries, political, scientific, educational, religious, or artistic. what is likely to happen when this conviction gets into the minds of the men whose present faith in these illusions is the cement of our social system, can be imagined only by those who know how suddenly a civilization which has long ceased to think (or in the old phrase, to watch and pray) can fall to pieces when the vulgar belief in its hypocrisies and impostures can no longer hold out against its failures and scandals. when religious and ethical formulae become so obsolete that no man of strong mind can believe them, they have also reached the point at which no man of high character will profess them; and from, that moment until they are formally disestablished, they stand at the door of every profession and every public office to keep out every able man who is not a sophist or a liar. a nation which revises its parish councils once in three years, but will not revise its articles of religion once in three hundred, even when those articles avowedly began as a political compromise dictated by mr facing–both-ways, is a nation that needs remaking.
our only hope, then, is in evolution. we must replace the man by the superman. it is frightful for the citizen, as the years pass him, to see his own contemporaries so exactly reproduced by the younger generation, that his companions of thirty years ago have their counterparts in every city crowd, where he had to check himself repeatedly in the act of saluting as an old friend some young man to whom he is only an elderly stranger. all hope of advance dies in his bosom as he watches them: he knows that they will do just what their fathers did, and that the few voices which will still, as always before, exhort them to do something else and be something better, might as well spare their breath to cool their porridge (if they can get any). men like ruskin and carlyle will preach to smith and brown for the sake of preaching, just as st francis preached to the birds and st anthony to the fishes. but smith and brown, like the fishes and birds, remain as they are; and poets who plan utopias and prove that nothing is necessary for their realization but that man should will them, perceive at last, like richard wagner, that the fact to be faced is that man does not effectively will them. and he never will until he becomes superman.
and so we arrive at the end of the socialist’s dream of “the socialization of the means of production and exchange,” of the positivist’s dream of moralizing the capitalist, and of the ethical professor’s, legislator’s, educator’s dream of putting commandments and codes and lessons and examination marks on a man as harness is put on a horse, ermine on a judge, pipeclay on a soldier, or a wig on an actor, and pretending that his nature has been changed. the only fundamental and possible socialism is the socialization of the selective breeding of man: in other terms, of human evolution. we must eliminate the yahoo, or his vote will wreck the commonwealth.
