i. the weather-wise muskrat
i am more than half persuaded that the muskrat is a wise little animal, and that on the subject of the weather, especially, he possesses some secret that i should be glad to know. in the fall of 1878 i noticed that he built unusually high and massive nests. i noticed them in several different localities. in a shallow, sluggish pond by the roadside, which i used to pass daily in my walk, two nests were in process of construction throughout the month of november. the builders worked only at night, and i could see each day that the work had visibly advanced. when there was a slight skim of ice over the pond, this was broken up about the nests, with trails through it in different directions where the material had been brought. the houses were placed a little to one side of the main channel, and were constructed entirely of a species of coarse wild grass that grew all about. so far as i could see, from first to last they were solid masses of grass, as if the interior cavity or nest was to be excavated afterward, as doubtless it was. as they emerged from the pond they gradually assumed the shape of a miniature mountain, very bold and steep on the south side, and running down a long gentle grade to the surface of the water on the north. one could see that the little architect hauled all his material up this easy slope, and thrust it out boldly around the other side. every mouthful was distinctly defined. after they were two feet or more above the water, i expected each day to see that the finishing stroke had been given and the work brought to a close. but higher yet, said the builder. december drew near, the cold became threatening, and i was apprehensive that winter would suddenly shut down upon those unfinished nests. but the wise rats knew better than i did; they had received private advices from headquarters that i knew not of. finally, about the 6th of december, the nests assumed completion; the northern incline was absorbed or carried up, and each structure became a strong massive cone, three or four feet high, the largest nest of the kind i had ever seen. does it mean a severe winter? i inquired. an old farmer said it meant "high water," and he was right once, at least, for in a few days afterward we had the heaviest rainfall known in this section for half a century. the creeks rose to an almost unprecedented height. the sluggish pond became a seething, turbulent watercourse; gradually the angry element crept up the sides of these lake dwellings, till, when the rain ceased, about four o'clock they showed above the flood no larger than a man's hat. during the night the channel shifted till the main current swept over them, and next day not a vestige of the nests was to be seen; they had gone down-stream, as had many other dwellings of a less temporary character. the rats had built wisely, and would have been perfectly secure against any ordinary high water, but who can foresee a flood? the oldest traditions of their race did not run back to the time of such a visitation.
nearly a week afterward another dwelling was begun, well away from the treacherous channel, but the architects did not work at it with much heart; the material was very scarce, the ice hindered, and before the basement-story was fairly finished, winter had the pond under his lock and key.
in other localities i noticed that where the nests were placed on the banks of streams, they were made secure against the floods by being built amid a small clump of bushes. when the fall of 1879 came, the muskrats were very tardy about beginning their house, laying the corner-stone—or the corner-sod-about december 1st, and continuing the work slowly and indifferently. on the 15th of the month the nest was not yet finished. this, i said, indicates a mild winter; and, sure enough, the season was one of the mildest known for many years. the rats had little use for their house.
again, in the fall of 1880, while the weather-wise were wagging their heads, some forecasting a mild, some a severe winter, i watched with interest for a sign from my muskrats. about november 1st, a month earlier than the previous year, they began their nest, and worked at it with a will. they appeared to have just got tidings of what was coming. if i had taken the hint so palpably given, my celery would not have been frozen in the ground, and my apples caught in unprotected places. when the cold wave struck us, about november 20th, my four-legged "i-told-you-so's" had nearly completed their dwelling; it lacked only the ridge-board, so to speak; it needed a little "topping out," to give it a finished look. but this it never got. the winter had come to stay, and it waxed more and more severe, till the unprecedented cold of the last days of december must have astonished even the wise muskrats in their snug retreat. i approached their nest at this time, a white mound upon the white, deeply frozen surface of the pond, and wondered if there was any life in that apparent sepulchre. i thrust my walking-stick sharply into it, when there was a rustle and a splash into the water, as the occupant made his escape. what a damp basement that house has, i thought, and what a pity to rout out a peaceful neighbor out of his bed in this weather and into such a state of things as this! but water does not wet the muskrat; his fur is charmed, and not a drop penetrates it. where the ground is favorable, the muskrats do not build these mound-like nests, but burrow into the bank a long distance, and establish their winter-quarters there.
shall we not say, then, in view of the above facts, that this little creature is weather-wise? the hitting of the mark twice might be mere good luck; but three bull's-eyes in succession is not a mere coincidence; it is a proof of skill. the muskrat is not found in the old world, which is a little singular, as other rats so abound there, and as those slow-going english streams especially, with their grassy banks, are so well suited to him. the water-rat of europe is smaller, but of similar nature and habits. the muskrat does not hibernate like some rodents, but is pretty active all winter. in december i noticed in my walk where they had made excursions of a few yards to an orchard for frozen apples. one day, along a little stream, i saw a mink track amid those of the muskrat; following it up, i presently came to blood and other marks of strife upon the snow beside a stone wall. looking in between the stones, i found the carcass of the luckless rat, with its head and neck eaten away. the mink had made a meal of him.
ii. cheating the squirrels.
for the largest and finest chestnuts i had last fall i was indebted to the gray squirrels. walking through the early october woods one day, i came upon a place where the ground was thickly strewn with very large unopened chestnut burs. on examination i found that every bur had been cut square off with about an inch of the stem adhering, and not one had been left on the tree. it was not accident, then, but design. whose design? the squirrels'. the fruit was the finest i had ever seen in the woods, and some wise squirrel had marked it for his own. the burs were ripe, and had just begun to divide, not "threefold," but fourfold, "to show the fruit within." the squirrel that had taken all this pains had evidently reasoned with himself thus: "now, these are extremely fine chestnuts, and i want them; if i wait till the burs open on the tree the crows and jays will be sure to carry off a great many of the nuts before they fall; then, after the wind has rattled out what remain, there are the mice, the chipmunks, the red squirrels, the raccoons, the grouse, to say nothing of the boys and the pigs, to come in for their share; so i will forestall events a little; i will cut off the burs when they have matured, and a few days of this dry october weather will cause everyone of them to open on the ground; i shall be on hand in the nick of time to gather up my nuts." the squirrel, of course, had to take the chances of a prowler like myself coming along, but he had fairly stolen a march on his neighbors. as i proceeded to collect and open the burs, i was half prepared to hear an audible protest from the trees about, for i constantly fancied myself watched by shy but jealous eyes. it is an interesting inquiry how the squirrel knew the burs would open if left to know, but thought the experiment worth trying.
the gray squirrel is peculiarly an american product, and might serve very well as a national emblem. the old world can beat us on rats and mice, but we are far ahead on squirrels, having five or six species to europe's one.
iii. fox and hound.
i stood on a high hill or ridge one autumn day and saw a hound run a fox through the fields far beneath me. what odors that fox must have shaken out of himself, i thought, to be traced thus easily, and how great their specific gravity not to have been blown away like smoke by the breeze! the fox ran a long distance down the hill, keeping within a few feet of a stone wall; then turned a right angle and led off for the mountain, across a plowed field and a succession of pasture lands. in about fifteen minutes the hound came in full blast with her nose in the air, and never once did she put it to the ground while in my sight. when she came to the stone wall she took the other side from that taken by the fox, and kept about the same distance from it, being thus separated several yards from his track, with the fence between her and it. at the point where the fox turned sharply to the left, the hound overshot a few yards, then wheeled, and feeling the air a moment with her nose, took up the scent again and was off on his trail as unerringly as fate. it seemed as if the fox must have sowed himself broadcast as he went along, and that his scent was so rank and heavy that it settled in the hollows and clung tenaciously to the bushes and crevices in the fence. i thought i ought to have caught a remnant of it as i passed that way some minutes later, but i did not. but i suppose it was not that the light-footed fox so impressed himself upon the ground he ran over, but that the sense of the hound was so keen. to her sensitive nose these tracks steamed like hot cakes, and they would not have cooled off so as to be undistinguishable for several hours. for the time being she had but one sense: her whole soul was concentrated in her nose.
it is amusing when the hunter starts out of a winter morning to see his hound probe the old tracks to determine how recent they are. he sinks his nose down deep in the snow so as to exclude the air from above, then draws a long full breath, giving sometimes an audible snort. if there remains the least effluvium of the fox the hound will detect it. if it be very slight it only sets his tail wagging; if it be strong it unloosens his tongue.
such things remind one of the waste, the friction that is going on all about us, even when the wheels of life run the most smoothly. a fox cannot trip along the top of a stone wall so lightly but that he will leave enough of himself to betray his course to the hound for hours afterward. when the boys play "hare and hounds" the hare scatters bits of paper to give a clew to the pursuers, but he scatters himself much more freely if only our sight and scent were sharp enough to detect the fragments. even the fish leave a trail in the water, and it is said the otter will pursue them by it. the birds make a track in the air, only their enemies hunt by sight rather than by scent. the fox baffles the hound most upon a hard crust of frozen snow; the scent will not hold to the smooth, bead-like granules.
judged by the eye alone, the fox is the lightest and most buoyant creature that runs. his soft wrapping of fur conceals the muscular play and effort that is so obvious in the hound that pursues him, and he comes bounding along precisely as if blown by a gentle wind. his massive tail is carried as if it floated upon the air by its own lightness.
the hound is not remarkable for his fleetness, but how he will hang!—often running late into the night and sometimes till morning, from ridge to ridge, from peak to peak; now on the mountain, now crossing the valley, now playing about a large slope of uplying pasture fields. at times the fox has a pretty well-defined orbit, and the hunter knows where to intercept him. again he leads off like a comet, quite beyond the system of hills and ridges upon which he was started, and his return is entirely a matter of conjecture; but if the day be not more than half spent, the chances are that the fox will be back before night, though the sportsman's patience seldom holds out that long.
the hound is a most interesting dog. how solemn and long-visaged he is—how peaceful and well-disposed! he is the quaker among dogs. all the viciousness and currishness seem to have been weeded out of him; he seldom quarrels, or fights, or plays, like other dogs. two strange hounds, meeting for the first time, behave as civilly toward each other as if two men. i know a hound that has an ancient, wrinkled, human, far-away look that reminds one of the bust of homer among the elgin marbles. he looks like the mountains toward which his heart yearns so much.
the hound is a great puzzle to the farm dog; the latter, attracted by his baying, comes barking and snarling up through the fields bent on picking a quarrel; he intercepts the hound, snubs and insults and annoys him in every way possible, but the hound heeds him not; if the dog attacks him he gets away as best he can, and goes on with the trail; the cur bristles and barks and struts about for a while, then goes back to the house, evidently thinking the hound a lunatic, which he is for the time being—a monomaniac, the slave and victim of one idea. i saw the master of a hound one day arrest him in full course to give one of the hunters time to get to a certain runaway; the dog cried and struggled to free himself and would listen neither to threats nor caresses. knowing he must be hungry, i offered him my lunch, but he would not touch it. i put it in his mouth, but he threw it contemptuously from him. we coaxed and petted and reassured him, but he was under a spell; he was bereft of all thought or desire but the one passion to pursue that trail.
iv. the woodchuck
writers upon rural england and her familiar natural history make no mention of the marmot or woodchuck. in europe this animal seems to be confined to high mountainous districts, as on our pacific slope, burrowing near the snow line. it is more social or gregarious than the american species, living in large families like our prairie-dog. in the middle and eastern states our woodchuck takes the place, in some respects, of the english rabbit, burrowing in every hillside and under every stone wall and jutting ledge and large bowlder, from whence it makes raids upon the grass and clover and sometimes upon the garden vegetables. it is quite solitary in its habits, seldom more than one inhabiting the same den, unless it be a mother and her young. it is not now so much a wood chuck as a field chuck. occasionally, however, one seems to prefer the woods, and is not seduced by the sunny slopes and the succulent grass, but feeds, as did his fathers before him, upon roots and twigs, the bark of young trees, and upon various wood plants.
one summer day, as i was swimming across a broad, deep pool in the creek in a secluded place in the woods, i saw one of these sylvan chucks amid the rocks but a few feet from the edge of the water where i proposed to touch. he saw my approach, but doubtless took me for some water-fowl, or for some cousin of his of the muskrat tribe; for he went on with his feeding, and regarded me not till i paused within ten feet of him and lifted myself up. then he did not know me; having, perhaps, never seen adam in his simplicity, but he twisted his nose around to catch my scent; and the moment he had done so he sprang like a jumping-jack and rushed into his den with the utmost precipitation.
the woodchuck is the true serf among our animals; he belongs to the soil, and savors of it. he is of the earth, earthy. there is generally a decided odor about his dens and lurking-places, but it is not at all disagreeable in the clover-scented air, and his shrill whistle, as he takes to his hole or defies the farm dog from the interior of the stone wall, is a pleasant summer sound. in form and movement the woodchuck is not captivating. his body is heavy and flabby. indeed, such a flaccid, fluid, pouchy carcass, i have never before seen. it has absolutely no muscular tension or rigidity, but is as baggy and shaky as a skin filled with water. let the rifleman shoot one while it lies basking on a sidelong rock, and its body slumps off, and rolls and spills down the hill, as if it were a mass of bowels only. the legs of the woodchuck are short and stout, and made for digging rather than running. the latter operation he performs by short leaps, his belly scarcely clearing the ground. for a short distance he can make very good time, but he seldom trusts himself far from his hole, and when surprised in that predicament, makes little effort to escape, but, grating his teeth, looks the danger squarely in the face.
i knew a farmer in new york who had a very large bob-tailed churn-dog by the name of cuff. the farmer kept a large dairy and made a great deal of butter, and it was the business of cuff to spend nearly the half of each summer day treading the endless round of the churning-machine. during the remainder of the day he had plenty of time to sleep, and rest, and sit on his hips and survey the landscape. one day, sitting thus, he discovered a woodchuck about forty rods from the house, on a steep side-hill, feeding about near his hole, which was beneath a large rock. the old dog, forgetting his stiffness, and remembering the fun he had had with woodchucks in his earlier days, started off at his highest speed, vainly hoping to catch this one before he could get to his hole. but the woodchuck, seeing the dog come laboring up the hill, sprang to the mouth of his den, and, when his pursuer was only a few rods off, whistled tauntingly and went in. this occurred several times, the old dog marching up the hill, and then marching down again, having had his labor for his pains. i suspect that he revolved the subject in his mind while he revolved the great wheel of the churning-machine, and that some turn or other brought him a happy thought, for next time he showed himself a strategist. instead of giving chase to the woodchuck when first discovered, he crouched down to the ground, and, resting his head on his paws, watched him. the woodchuck kept working away from the hole, lured by the tender clover, but, not unmindful of his safety, lifted himself up on his haunches every few moments and surveyed the approaches. presently, after the woodchuck had let himself down from one of these attitudes of observation, and resumed his feeding, cuff started swiftly but stealthily up the hill, precisely in the attitude of a cat when she is stalking a bird. when the woodchuck rose up again, cuff was perfectly motionless and half hid by the grass. when he again resumed his clover, cuff sped up the hill as before, this time crossing a fence, but in a low place, and so nimbly that he was not discovered. again the wood chuck was on the outlook, again cuff was motionless and hugging the ground. as the dog nears his victim he is partially hidden by a swell in the earth, but still the woodchuck from his outlook reports "all right," when cuff, having not twice as far to run as the 'chuck, throws all stealthiness aside and rushes directly for the hole. at that moment the woodchuck discovers his danger, and, seeing that it is a race for life, leaps as i never saw marmot leap before. but he is two seconds too late, his retreat is cut off, and the powerful jaws of the old dog close upon him.
the next season cuff tried the same tactics again with like success; but when the third woodchuck had taken up his abode at the fatal hole, the old churner's wits and strength had begun to fail him, and he was baffled in each attempt to capture the animal.
the woodchuck always burrows on a side-hill. this enables him to guard against being drowned out, by making the termination of the hole higher than the entrance. he digs in slantingly for about two or three feet, then makes a sharp upward turn and keeps nearly parallel with the surface of the ground for a distance of eight or ten feet farther, according to the grade. here he makes his nest and passes the winter, holing up in october or november and coming out again in april. this is a long sleep, and is rendered possible only by the amount of fat with which the system has become stored during the summer. the fire of life still burns, but very faintly and slowly, as with the draughts all closed and the ashes heaped up. respiration is continued, but at longer intervals, and all the vital processes are nearly at a standstill. dig one out during hibernation (audubon did so), and you find it a mere inanimate ball, that suffers itself to be moved and rolled about without showing signs of awakening. but bring it in by the fire, and it presently unrolls and opens its eyes, and crawls feebly about, and if left to itself will seek some dark hole or corner, roll itself up again, and resume its former condition.
