by lord beaverbrook.

c from “canada in flanders” (vol. i.). by sir max aitken. (hodder & stoughton.)

the end of the month was marked by one or two very daring reconnaissances by lieutenant owen, of the 7th (british columbia) battalion, up the bed of the douve river, and by a great aeroplane battle.

the aeroplane battle occurred upon a morning warm and bright with sunshine. the conditions were admirable for flying and observing, and, as usual, a german albatross took advantage of them. soaring high against the warm blue of the sky, over bailleul, over the headquarters of a division, over our brigades and trenches and back again, it glinted like silver in the morning sun. the snow-white blobs of bursting shrapnel from our anti-aircraft guns followed its graceful sweeps and curves—followed and followed, but never caught it up; and thousands of our men stared after it. but a more dramatic spectacle was in store for the watchers on the brown roads and in the brown trenches.

a british machine appeared suddenly low against the blue, mounting and flying out of the west. the men in the albatross were evidently18 so intent on their task of observing the landscape beneath them and keeping well ahead of our blossoming shrapnel that they failed to observe the approach of the british ’plane as soon as they should have for their own good. they were heading west when they saw their danger, and instantly the albatross swerved round and sped towards home. but the british flier had the heels of the german and the advantage of the position. it circled and dipped, and down through the clear air aloft came the rippling “tap-tap-tap” of the a?rial machine-guns. again and again the enemy’s frantic efforts to escape were frustrated by the skill and daring of the british pilot and the hedging fire of the british guns. suddenly the gun of the german ’plane jammed and ceased; the pilot was hit and wounded; the albatross commenced a rapid descent, in which it was followed by the british ’plane to within 1,000 feet of the ground. then, under heavy shell-fire from german batteries the victorious machine rose and flew away undamaged, and the unfortunate albatross struck the earth between the front and support trenches of the 14th (montreal) battalion and turned turtle. the german pilot was dead; the observer, slightly wounded, crawled to our support trenches and surrendered. the german batteries kept up a hot fire of high explosives and shrapnel on the machine with the object of smashing it beyond19 hope of repair before the canadians could salvage it. they made several direct hits, but our men sapped out to the wreck and managed to bring most of it in, piece by piece. among the articles brought in was the machine-gun that had jammed in the heat of the fight. this was found to be a colt gun. closer examination proved it to be one of the original guns of our 14th battalion—to whose lines it had just made such a dramatic return! the gun had been abandoned during one of the desperate and confused fights of the second battle of ypres half a year before.

in these months of september and october great efforts were expended on improving the line. work in the front positions was done by the occupying battalions, and the troops in reserve came up night after night to assist their labours and to create new secondary positions and drive through fresh communication trenches. even the training of new units was occasionally and rightly sacrificed to the performance of this essential task. the weather was, on the whole, favourable for these operations, with the exception of three days of rain early in september and a wet week late in october. the 1st division, long on the ground and fortified by the experience of what good trenches mean for comfort and safety, was pre-eminent in these exertions, as would be proved by the trench-map with its continuous increase, month after month, in the black and zigzag lines of new work. each tiny20 scrawl on the surface of such a map represents the labours of hundreds of men, extended over many nights. second and third lines grew apace, so that a sudden attack of the enemy would still leave trenches to be held and would reduce the german bite to mere nibbles at the forward trench. the communication trenches are driven true and straight from well in the rear, and up these the ration parties toil in safety night after night under their burdens of food, water, ammunition, and r.e. material to feed the front line. these parties know well enough the difference between well-made lines and bad ones. stooping under the heavy weights as they struggle on through the dark, they will bless in army fashion a smooth and dry surface underfoot and a sound high parapet which protects them from the casual german shells which are searching for them, or the intermittent whistle of the long-range bullet humming on its errand in the dusk. messengers or stretcher-bearers with their burdens can move backwards or forwards even by day along the well-built hollow, and all those who pass are protected both from the arrow that flieth by night and the terror which walketh in the noonday. very different is the story of a badly-kept line. it finds carrying parties struggling in, hours late, exhausted by wading through mud and water, and delayed by continually climbing out and walking outside the trench to avoid impassable sections. here an unlucky shell or a casual bullet may take its toll. the men struggle back with21 difficulty, arriving hardly before the dawn, and with their period of supposed rest and recuperation turned into the most arduous of labours. it is not too much to say that the efficiency of a regiment or division can be tested by a comparison between the state in which it takes over and that in which it leaves its trenches.

the creation of secondary positions is as important as that of communication trenches, and on this task the canadian corps worked unsparingly throughout the autumn.

the disposition of a brigade is two, or on occasion three, battalions in the front line and one or two in support or reserve trenches. but in most cases even the leading regiments will not have their whole strength in the firing trench. one or two companies lie close up in support or reserve to reinforce any threatened point. the nearness of these supports is a very present help in time of trouble, and gives confidence to officers and men, who would be nervous if they knew that no assistance was nearer than a mile away in distance and an hour in time. but these lines must be dug under cover of dark, so the men toiled with the spade through the nights of autumn and blessed the dawn which put a term to their labours. their record is written on the scarred earth from st. eloi down to ploegsteert. let us hope that the corps which took their place in march was duly grateful for the blessing of a well-constructed line.