the same (continued)

it is not enough for the assembled people to have once fixed the constitution of the state by giving its sanction to a body of law; it is not enough for it to have set up a perpetual government, or provided once for all for the election of magistrates. besides the extraordinary assemblies unforeseen circumstances may demand, there must be fixed periodical assemblies which cannot be abrogated or prorogued, so that on the proper day the people is legitimately called together by law, without need of any formal summoning.

but, apart from these assemblies authorised by their date alone, every assembly of the people not summoned by the magistrates appointed for that purpose, and in accordance with the prescribed forms, should be regarded as unlawful, and all its acts as null and void, because the command to assemble should itself proceed from the law.

the greater or less frequency with which lawful assemblies should occur depends on so many considerations that no exact rules about them can be given. it can only be said generally that the stronger the government the more often should the sovereign show itself.

this, i shall be told, may do for a single town; but what is to be done when the state includes several? is the sovereign authority to be divided? or is it to be concentrated in a single town to which all the rest are made subject?

neither the one nor the other, i reply. first, the sovereign authority is one and simple, and cannot be divided without being destroyed. in the second place, one town cannot, any more than one nation, legitimately be made subject to another, because the essence of the body politic lies in the reconciliation of obedience and liberty, and the words subject and sovereign are identical correlatives the idea of which meets in the single word "citizen."

i answer further that the union of several towns in a single city is always bad, and that, if we wish to make such a union, we should not expect to avoid its natural disadvantages. it is useless to bring up abuses that belong to great states against one who desires to see only small ones; but how can small states be given the strength to resist great ones, as formerly the greek towns resisted the great king, and more recently holland and switzerland have resisted the house of austria?

nevertheless, if the state cannot be reduced to the right limits, there remains still one resource; this is, to allow no capital, to make the seat of government move from town to town, and to assemble by turn in each the provincial estates of the country.

people the territory evenly, extend everywhere the same rights, bear to every place in it abundance and life: by these means will the state become at once as strong and as well governed as possible. remember that the walls of towns are built of the ruins of the houses of the countryside. for every palace i see raised in the capital, my mind's eye sees a whole country made desolate.