jaffa.—celebrated in scripture as joppa. taken by napoleon, in february, 1799. the french driven out by the british, in june, the same year. here, according to the account of sir robert wilson, napoleon massacred 3800 arab prisoners of war; but this is reasonably doubted.
janvilliers, battle of.—between the french and prussians, which, after a severe engagement, blucher, who commanded the latter army, was driven back to chalons with considerable loss. fought, february 14th, 1814.
jarnac, battle of.—the duke of anjou, afterwards henry iii of france, defeated the huguenots, under louis, prince of condé, who was killed in cold blood by montesquieu. the victor was but seventeen years of age, and on account of his successes and his triumph at moncontour, the poles chose him for their king; he had his arm in[172] a sling, and a moment before the battle, his leg was broken by a kick from a horse. fought, march 13th, 1569.
java.—this island capitulated to the british, august 8th, 1811. the sultan dethroned by the english and the hereditary prince raised to the throne, june, 1813. restored to holland, in 1814.
jemmappes, battle of.—this was one of the most obstinate and hard-fought battles in modern times; 40,000 french troops forced 28,000 austrians, who were entrenched in woods and mountains, defended by forty redoubts and an immense number of cannon. the revolutionary general dumouriez, was the victor in this battle, which lasted four days. according to the most authentic accounts, the loss on the austrian side was 10,000 men killed, and that of the french 12,000. fought, november 5th, 1792.
jenna, battle of.—one of the most bloody battles fought in the napoleon wars, between the french and prussian armies; the former commanded by napoleon—the latter by the prussian king. the latter was signally defeated with the loss of 30,000 slain, and 30,000 taken prisoners, and 200 field pieces taken. after this napoleon advanced to berlin, october 14th, 1806.
jerusalem.—taken by the israelites b.c. 1048, and by nebuchadnezzar b.c. 587. razed to the ground by titus a.d. 70, after one of the most awful as well as remarkable sieges recorded in history and predicted by our blessed lord. more than 1,100,000 jews perished on this occasion. rebuilt by adrian a.d. 130. taken by the persians in 614; by the saracens in 636; and by the crusaders in 1099, when 70,000 infidels were put to the sword. a new kingdom was then founded, and lasted eighty-eight years. again taken from the christians by saladin, in 1187, and by the turks in 1217. lastly taken by bonaparte, in february, 1799.
jugurtha, the war with.—a memorable war, of which the roman historian, sallust, has written an account, commenced b.c. 111, and continued five years. metellus was first sent against him, then sylla and marius—the latter of whom took him prisoner, and at last he died in prison, at rome.
