melrose is a village of rather antique aspect, situated on the slope and at the bottom of the eildon hills, which, from this point of view, appear like one hill, with a double summit. the village, as i said, has an old look, though many of the houses have at least been refronted at some recent date; but others are as ancient, i suppose, as the days when the abbey was in its splendor,—a rustic and peasant-like antiquity, however, low-roofed, and straw-thatched. there is an aged cross of stone in the centre of the town.

our first object, of course, was to see the abbey, which stands just on the outskirts of the village, and is attainable only by applying at a neighboring house, the inhabitant of which probably supports himself, and most comfortably, too, as a showman of the ruin. he unlocked the wooden gate, and admitted us into what is left of the abbey, comprising only the ruins of the church, although the refectory, the dormitories, and the other parts of the establishment, formerly covered the space now occupied by a dozen village houses. melrose abbey is a very satisfactory ruin, all carpeted along its nave and transepts with green grass; and there are some well-grown trees within the walls. we saw the window, now empty, through which the tints of the painted glass fell on the tombstone of michael scott, and the tombstone itself, broken in three pieces, but with a cross engraven along its whole length. it must have been the monument of an old monk or abbot, rather than a wizard. there, too, is still the "marble stone" on which the monk and warrior sat them down, and which is supposed to mark the resting-place of alexander of scotland. there are remains, both without and within the abbey, of most curious and wonderfully minute old sculpture,—foliage, in places where it is almost impossible to see them, and where the sculptor could not have supposed that they would be seen, but which yet are finished faithfully, to the very veins of each leaf, in stone; and there is a continual variety of this accurate toil. on the exterior of the edifice there is equal minuteness of finish, and a great many niches for statues; all of which, i believe, are now gone, although there are carved faces at some points and angles. the graveyard around the abbey is still the only one which the village has, and is crowded with gravestones, among which i read the inscription of one erected by sir walter scott to the memory of thomas pardy, one of his servants. some sable birds—either rooks or jackdaws— were flitting about the ruins, inside and out.

mr. bowman and i talked about revisiting melrose by moonlight; but, luckily, there was to be no moon that evening. i do not myself think that daylight and sunshine make a ruin less effective than twilight or moonshine. in reference to scott's description, i think he deplorably diminishes the impressiveness of the scene by saying that the alternate buttresses, seen by moonlight, look as if made of ebon and ivory. it suggests a small and very pretty piece of cabinet-work; not these gray, rough walls, which time has gnawed upon for a thousand years, without eating them away.

leaving the abbey, we took a path or a road which led us to the river tweed, perhaps a quarter of a mile off; and we crossed it by a foot-bridge,—a pretty wide stream, a dimpling breadth of transparent water flowing between low banks, with a margin of pebbles. we then returned to our inn, and had tea, and passed a quiet evening by the fireside. this is a good, unpretentious inn; and its visitors' book indicates that it affords general satisfaction to those who come here.

in the morning we breakfasted on broiled salmon, taken, no doubt, in the neighboring tweed. there was a very coarse-looking man at table with us, who informed us that he owned the best horse anywhere round the eildon hills, and could make the best cast for a salmon, and catch a bigger fish than anybody,—with other self-laudation of the same kind. the waiter afterwards told us that he was the son of an admiral in the neighborhood; and soon, his horse being brought to the door, we saw him mount and ride away. he sat on horseback with ease and grace, though i rather suspect, early as it was, that he was already in his cups. the scotch seem to me to get drunk at very unseasonable hours. i have seen more drunken people here than during all my residence in england, and, generally, early in the day. their liquor, so far as i have observed, makes them good-natured and sociable, imparting a perhaps needed geniality to their cold natures.

after breakfast we took a drosky, or whatever these fore-and-aft-seated vehicles are called, and set out for

dryburgh abbey,

three miles distant. it was a cold though rather bright morning, with a most shrewd and bitter wind, which blew directly in my face as i sat beside the driver. an english wind is bad enough, but methinks a scotch one, is rather worse; at any rate, i was half frozen, and wished dryburgh abbey in tophet, where it would have been warmer work to go and see it. some of the border hills were striking, especially the cowden knowe, which ascends into a prominent and lofty peak. such villages as we passed did not greatly differ from english villages. by and by we came to the banks of the tweed, at a point where there is a ferry. a carriage was on the river-bank, the driver waiting beside it; for the people who came in it had already been ferried across to see the abbey.

the ferryman here is a young girl; and, stepping into the boat, she shoved off, and so skilfully took advantage of the eddies of the stream, which is here deep and rapid, that we were soon on the other side. she was by no means an uncomely maiden, with pleasant scotch features, and a quiet intelligence of aspect, gleaming into a smile when spoken to; much tanned with all kinds of weather, and, though slender, yet so agile and muscular that it was no shame for a man to let himself be rowed by her.

from the ferry we had a walk of half a mile, more or less, to a cottage, where we found another young girl, whose business it is to show the abbey. she was of another mould than the ferry-maiden,—a queer, shy, plaintive sort of a body,—and answered all our questions in a low, wailing tone. passing through an apple-orchard, we were not long in reaching the abbey, the ruins of which are much more extensive and more picturesque than those of melrose, being overrun with bushes and shrubbery, and twined about with ivy, and all such vegetation as belongs, naturally, to old walls. there are the remains of the refectory, and other domestic parts of the abbey, as well as the church, and all in delightful state of decay,—not so far gone but that we had bits of its former grandeur in the columns and broken arches, and in some portions of the edifice that still retain a roof.

in the chapter-house we saw a marble statue of newton, wofully maltreated by damps and weather; and though it had no sort of business there, it fitted into the ruins picturesquely enough. there is another statue, equally unauthorized; both having been placed here by a former earl of buchan, who seems to have been a little astray in his wits.

on one side of the church, within an arched recess, are the monuments of sir walter scott and his family,—three ponderous tombstones of aberdeen granite, polished, but already dimmed and dulled by the weather. the whole floor of the recess is covered by these monuments, that of sir walter being the middle one, with lady (or, as the inscription calls her, dame) scott beyond him, next to the church wall, and some one of his sons or daughters on the hither side. the effect of his being buried here is to make the whole of dryburgh abbey his monument. there is another arched recess, twin to the scott burial-place, and contiguous to it, in which are buried a pringle family; it being their ancient place of sepulture. the spectator almost inevitably feels as if they were intruders, although their rights here are of far older date than those of scott.

dryburgh abbey must be a most beautiful spot of a summer afternoon; and it was beautiful even on this not very genial morning, especially when the sun blinked out upon the ivy, and upon the shrubberied paths that wound about the ruins. i think i recollect the birds chirruping in this neighborhood of it. after viewing it sufficiently,—sufficiently for this one time,—we went back to the ferry, and, being set across by the same undine, we drove back to melrose. no longer riding against the wind, i found it not nearly so cold as before. i now noticed that the eildon hills, seen from this direction, rise from one base into three distinct summits, ranged in a line. according to "the lay of the last minstrel," they were cleft into this shape by the magic of michael scott. reaching melrose . . . . without alighting, we set off for

abbotsford,

three miles off. the neighborhood of melrose, leading to abbotsford, has many handsome residences of modern build and very recent date,—suburban villas, each with its little lawn and garden ground, such as we see in the vicinity of liverpool. i noticed, too, one castellated house, of no great size, but old, and looking as if its tower were built, not for show, but for actual defence in the old border warfare.

we were not long in reaching abbotsford. the house, which is more compact, and of considerably less extent than i anticipated, stands in full view from the road, and at only a short distance from it, lower down towards the river. its aspect disappointed me; but so does everything. it is but a villa, after all; no castle, nor even a large manor-house, and very unsatisfactory when you consider it in that light. indeed, it impressed me, not as a real house, intended for the home of human beings,—a house to die in or to be born in,—but as a plaything,— something in the same category as horace walpole's strawberry hill. the present owner seems to have found it insufficient for the actual purposes of life; for he is adding a wing, which promises to be as extensive as the original structure.

we rang at the front door (the family being now absent), and were speedily admitted by a middle-aged or somewhat elderly man,—the butler, i suppose, or some upper servant,—who at once acceded to our request to be permitted to see the house. we stepped from the porch immediately into the entrance-hall; and having the great hall of battle abbey in my memory, and the ideal of a baronial hall in my mind, i was quite taken aback at the smallness and narrowness and lowness of this; which, however, is a very fine one, on its own little scale. in truth, it is not much more than a vestibule. the ceiling is carved; and every inch of the walls is covered with claymores, targets, and other weapons and armor, or old-time curiosities, tastefully arranged, many of which, no doubt, have a history attached to them,—or had, in sir walter's own mind. our attendant was a very intelligent person, and pointed out much that was interesting; but in such a multitudinous variety it was almost impossible to fix the eye upon any one thing. probably the apartment looked smaller than it really was, on account of being so wainscoted and festooned with curiosities. i remember nothing particularly, unless it be the coal-grate in the fireplace, which was one formerly used by archbishop sharpe, the prelate whom balfour of burley murdered. either in this room or the next one, there was a glass case containing the suit of clothes last worn by scott,—a short green coat, somewhat worn, with silvered buttons, a pair of gray tartan trousers, and a white hat. it was in the hall that we saw these things; for there too, i recollect, were a good many walking-sticks that had been used by scott, and the hatchet with which he was in the habit of lopping branches from his trees, as he walked among them.

from the hall we passed into the study;—a small room, lined with the books which sir walter, no doubt, was most frequently accustomed to refer to; and our guide pointed out some volumes of the moniteur, which he used while writing the history of napoleon. probably these were the driest and dullest volumes in his whole library. about mid-height of the walls of the study there is a gallery, with a short flight of steps for the convenience of getting at the upper books. a study-table occupied the centre of the room, and at one end of the table stands an easy-chair, covered with morocco, and with ample space to fling one's self back. the servant told me that i might sit down in this chair, for that sir walter sat there while writing his romances, "and perhaps," quoth the man, smiling, "you may catch some inspiration." what a bitter word this would have been if he had known me to be a romance-writer! "no, i never shall be inspired to write romances!" i answered, as if such an idea had never occurred to me. i sat down, however. this study quite satisfied me, being planned on principles of common-sense, and made to work in, and without any fantastic adaptation of old forms to modern uses.

next to the study is the library, an apartment of respectable size, and containing as many books as it can hold, all protected by wire-work. i did not observe what or whose works were here; but the attendant showed us one whole compartment full of volumes having reference to ghosts, witchcraft, and the supernatural generally. it is remarkable that scott should have felt interested in such subjects, being such a worldly and earthly man as he was; but then, indeed, almost all forms of popular superstition do clothe the ethereal with earthly attributes, and so make it grossly perceptible.

the library, like the study, suited me well,—merely the fashion of the apartment, i mean,—and i doubt not it contains as many curious volumes as are anywhere to be met with within a similar space. the drawing-room adjoins it; and here we saw a beautiful ebony cabinet, which was presented to sir walter by george iv.; and some pictures of much interest,—one of scott himself at thirty-five, rather portly, with a heavy face, but shrewd eyes, which seem to observe you closely. there is a full-length of his eldest son, an officer of dragoons, leaning on his charger; and a portrait of lady scott,—a brunette, with black hair and eyes, very pretty, warm, vivacious, and un-english in her aspect. i am not quite sure whether i saw all these pictures in the drawing-room, or some of them in the dining-room; but the one that struck me most—and very much indeed—was the head of mary, queen of scots, literally the head cut off and lying on a dish. it is said to have been painted by an italian or french artist, two days after her death. the hair curls or flows all about it; the face is of a death-like hue, but has an expression of quiet, after much pain and trouble,—very beautiful, very sweet and sad; and it affected me strongly with the horror and strangeness of such a head being severed from its body. methinks i should not like to have it always in the room with me. i thought of the lovely picture of mary that i had seen at edinburgh castle, and reflected what a symbol it would be,—how expressive of a human being having her destiny in her own hands,—if that beautiful young queen were painted as carrying this dish, containing her own woful head, and perhaps casting a curious and pitiful glance down upon it, as if it were not her own.

also, in the drawing-room, there was a plaster cast of sir walter's face, taken after death; the only one in existence, as our guide assured us. it is not often that one sees a homelier set of features than this; no elevation, no dignity, whether bestowed by nature or thrown over them by age or death; sunken cheeks, the bridge of the nose depressed, and the end turned up; the mouth puckered, and no chin whatever, or hardly any. the expression was not calm and happy; but rather as if he were in a perturbed slumber, perhaps nothing short of nightmare. i wonder that the family allow this cast to be shown,—the last record that there is of scott's personal reality, and conveying such a wretched and unworthy idea of it.

adjoining the drawing-room is the dining-room, in one corner of which, between two windows, scott died. it was now a quarter of a century since his death; but it seemed to me that we spoke with a sort of hush in our voices, as if he were still dying here, or had but just departed. i remember nothing else in this room. the next one is the armory, which is the smallest of all that we had passed through; but its walls gleam with the steel blades of swords, and the barrels of pistols, matchlocks, firelocks, and all manner of deadly weapons, whether european or oriental; for there are many trophies here of east indian warfare. i saw rob roy's gun, rifled and of very large bore; and a beautiful pistol, formerly claverhouse's; and the sword of montrose, given him by king charles, the silver hilt of which i grasped. there was also a superb claymore, in an elaborately wrought silver sheath, made for sir walter scott, and presented to him by the highland society, for his services in marshalling the clans when george iv. came to scotland. there were a thousand other things, which i knew must be most curious, yet did not ask nor care about them, because so many curiosities drive one crazy, and fret one's heart to death. on the whole, there is no simple and great impression left by abbotsford; and i felt angry and dissatisfied with myself for not feeling something which i did not and could not feel. but it is just like going to a museum, if you look into particulars; and one learns from it, too, that scott could not have been really a wise man, nor an earnest one, nor one that grasped the truth of life; he did but play, and the play grew very sad toward its close. in a certain way, however, i understand his romances the better for having seen his house; and his house the better for having read his romances. they throw light on one another.

we had now gone through all the show-rooms; and the next door admitted us again into the entrance-hall, where we recorded our names in the visitors' book. it contains more names of americans, i should judge, from casting my eyes back over last year's record, than of all other people in the world, including great britain.

bidding farewell to abbotsford, i cannot but confess a sentiment of remorse for having visited the dwelling-place—as just before i visited the grave of the mighty minstrel and romancer with so cold a heart and in so critical a mood,—his dwelling-place and his grave whom i had so admired and loved, and who had done so much for my happiness when i was young. but i, and the world generally, now look at him from a different point of view; and, besides, these visits to the actual haunts of famous people, though long dead, have the effect of making us sensible, in some degree, of their human imperfections, as if we actually saw them alive. i felt this effect, to a certain extent, even with respect to shakespeare, when i visited stratford-on-avon. as for scott, i still cherish him in a warm place, and i do not know that i have any pleasanter anticipation, as regards books, than that of reading all his novels over again after we get back to the wayside.

[this mr. hawthorne did, aloud to his family, the year following his return to america.—ed.]

it was now one or two o'clock, and time for us to take the rail across the borders. many a mile behind us, as we rushed onward, we could see the threefold eildon hill, and probably every pant of the engine carried us over some spot of ground which scott has made fertile with poetry. for scotland—cold, cloudy, barren little bit of earth that it is—owes all the interest that the world feels in it to him. few men have done so much for their country as he. however, having no guide-book, we were none the wiser for what we saw out of the window of the rail-carriage; but, now and then, a castle appeared, on a commanding height, visible for miles round, and seemingly in good repair,—now, in some low and sheltered spot, the gray walls of an abbey; now, on a little eminence, the ruin of a border fortress, and near it the modern residence of the laird, with its trim lawn and shrubbery. we were not long in coming to

berwick,

a town which seems to belong both to england and scotland, or perhaps is a kingdom by itself, for it stands on both sides of the boundary river, the tweed, where it empties into the german ocean. from the railway bridge we had a good view over the town, which looks ancient, with red roofs on all the gabled houses; and it being a sunny afternoon, though bleak and chill, the sea-view was very fine. the tweed is here broad, and looks deep, flowing far beneath the bridge, between high banks. this is all that i can say of berwick (pronounced berrick), for though we spent above an hour at the station waiting for the train, we were so long in getting our dinner, that we had not time for anything else. i remember, however, some gray walls, that looked like the last remains of an old castle, near the railway station. we next took the train for

newcastle,

the way to which, for a considerable distance, lies within sight of the sea; and in close vicinity to the shore we saw holy isle, on which are the ruins of an abbey. norham castle must be somewhere in this neighborhood, on the english shore of the tweed. it was pretty late in the afternoon—almost nightfall—when we reached newcastle, over the roofs of which, as over those of berwick, we had a view from the railway, and like berwick, it was a congregation of mostly red roofs; but, unlike berwick (the atmosphere over which was clear and transparent), there came a gush of smoke from every chimney, which made it the dimmest and smokiest place i ever saw. this is partly owing to the iron founderies and furnaces; but each domestic chimney, too, was smoking on its own account,—coal being so plentiful there, no doubt, that the fire is always kept freshly heaped with it, reason or none. out of this smoke-cloud rose tall steeples; and it was discernible that the town stretched widely over an uneven surface, on the banks of the tyne, which is navigable up hither ten miles from the sea for pretty large vessels.

we established ourselves at the station hotel, and then walked out to see something of the town; but i remember only a few streets of duskiness and dinginess, with a glimpse of the turrets of a castle to which we could not find our way. so, as it was getting twilightish and very cold, we went back to the hotel, which is a very good one, better than any one i have seen in the south of england, and almost or quite as good as those of scotland. the coffee-room is a spacious and handsome apartment, adorned with a full-length portrait of wellington, and other pictures, and in the whole establishment there was a well-ordered alacrity and liberal provision for the comfort of guests that one seldom sees in english inns. there are a good many american guests in newcastle, and through all the north.

an old newcastle gentleman and his friend came into the smoking-room, and drank three glasses of hot whiskey-toddy apiece, and were still going on to drink more when we left them. these respectable persons probably went away drunk that night, yet thought none the worse of themselves or of one another for it. it is like returning to times twenty years gone by for a new-englander to witness such simplicity of manners.

the next morning, may 8th, i rose and breakfasted early, and took the rail soon after eight o'clock, leaving mr. bowman behind; for he had business in newcastle, and would not follow till some hours afterwards. there is no use in trying to make a narrative of anything that one sees along an english railway. all i remember of this tract of country is that one of the stations at which we stopped for an instant is called "washington," and this is, no doubt, the old family place, where the de wessyngtons, afterwards the washingtons, were first settled in england. before reaching york, first one old lady and then another (quaker) lady got into the carriage along with me; and they seemed to be going to york, on occasion of some fair or celebration. this was all the company i had, and their advent the only incident. it was about eleven o'clock when i beheld york cathedral rising huge above the old city, which stands on the river ouse, separated by it from the railway station, but communicating by a ferry (or two) and a bridge. i wandered forth, and found my way over the latter into the ancient and irregular streets of

york,

crooked, narrow, or of unequal width, puzzling, and many of them bearing the name of the particular gate in the old walls of the city to which they lead. there were no such fine, ancient, stately houses as some of those in shrewsbury were, nor such an aspect of antiquity as in chester; but still york is a quaint old place, and what looks most modern is probably only something old, hiding itself behind a new front, as elsewhere in england.

i found my way by a sort of instinct, as directly as possible, to

york minster.

it stands in the midst of a small open space,—or a space that looks small in comparison with the vast bulk of the cathedral. i was not so much impressed by its exterior as i have usually been by gothic buildings; because it is rectangular in its general outline and in its towers, and seems to lack the complexity and mysterious plan which perplexes and wonder-strikes me in most cathedrals. doubtless, however, if i had known better how to admire it, i should have found it wholly admirable. at all events, it has a satisfactory hugeness. seeking my way in, i at first intruded upon the registry of deeds, which occupies a building patched up against the mighty side of the cathedral, and hardly discernible, so small the one and so large the other. i finally hit upon the right door, and i felt no disappointment in my first glance around at the immensity of enclosed space;—i see now in my mind's eye a dim length of nave, a breadth in the transepts like a great plain, and such an airy height beneath the central tower that a worshipper could certainly get a good way towards heaven without rising above it. i only wish that the screen, or whatever they call it, between the choir and nave, could be thrown down, so as to give us leave to take in the whole vastitude at once. i never could understand why, after building a great church, they choose to sunder it in halves by this mid-partition. but let me be thankful for what i got, and especially for the height and massiveness of the clustered pillars that support the arches on which rests the central tower. i remember at furness abbey i saw two tall pillars supporting a broken arch, and thought it, the most majestic fragment of architecture that could possibly be. but these pillars have a nobler height, and these arches a greater sweep. what nonsense to try to write about a cathedral!

there is a great, cold bareness and bleakness about the interior; for there are very few monuments, and those seem chiefly to be of ecclesiastical people. i saw no armed knights, asleep on the tops of their tombs; but there was a curious representation of a skeleton, at full length, under the table-slab of one of the monuments. the walls are of a grayish hue, not so agreeable as the rich dark tint of the inside of westminster abbey; but a great many of the windows are still filled with ancient painted glass, the very small squares and pieces of which are composed into splendid designs of saints and angels, and scenes from scripture.

there were a few watery blinks of sunshine out of doors, and whenever these came through the old painted windows, some of the more vivid colors were faintly thrown upon the pavement of the cathedral,—very faintly, it is true; for, in the first place, the sunshine was not brilliant; and painted glass, too, fades in the course of the ages, perhaps, like all man's other works. there were two or three windows of modern manufacture, and far more magnificent, as to brightness of color and material beauty, than the ancient ones; but yet they looked vulgar, glaring, and impertinent in comparison, because such revivals or imitations of a long-disused art cannot have the good faith and earnestness of the originals. indeed, in the very coloring, i felt the same difference as between heart's blood and a scarlet dye. it is a pity, however, that the old windows cannot be washed, both inside and out, for now they have the dust of centuries upon them.

the screen or curtain between the nave and choir has eleven carved figures, at full length, which appeared to represent kings, some of them wearing crowns, and bearing sceptres or swords. they were in wood, and wrought by some gothic hand. these carvings, and the painted windows, and the few monuments, are all the details that the mind can catch hold of in the immensity of this cathedral; and i must say that it was a dreary place on that cold, cloudy day. i doubt whether a cathedral is a sort of edifice suited to the english climate. the first buildings of the kind were probably erected by people who had bright and constant sunshine, and who desired a shadowy awfulness—like that of a forest, with its arched wood-paths—into which to retire in their religious moments.

in america, on a hot summer's day, how delightful its cool and solemn depths would be! the painted windows, too, were evidently contrived, in the first instance, by persons who saw how effective they would prove when a vivid sun shone through them. but in england, the interior of a cathedral, nine days out of ten, is a vast sullenness, and as chill as death and the tomb. at any rate, it was so to-day, and so thought one of the old vergers, who kept walking as briskly as he could along the width of the transepts. there were several of these old men when i first came in, but they went off, all but this one, before i departed. none of them said a word to me, nor i to them; and admission to the minster seems to be entirely free.

after emerging from this great gloom, i wandered to and fro about york, and contrived to go astray within no very wide space. if its history be authentic, it is an exceedingly old city, having been founded about a thousand years before the christian era. there used to be a palace of the roman emperors here, and the emperor severus died here, as did some of his successors; and constantine the great was born here. i know not what, if any, relics of those earlier times there may be; but york is still partly surrounded with a wall, and has several gates, which the city authorities take pains to keep in repair. i grow weary in my endeavor to find my way back to the railway, and inquired it of one of the good people of york,—a respectable, courteous, gentlemanly person,— and he told me to walk along the walls. then he went on a considerable distance; but seemed to repent of not doing more for me; so he waited till i came up, and, walking along by my side, pointed out the castle, now the jail, and the place of execution, and directed me to the principal gateway of the city, and instructed me how to reach the ferry. the path along the wall leads, in one place, through a room over the arch of a gateway,—a low, thick-walled, stone apartment, where doubtless the gatekeeper used to lodge, and to parley with those who desired entrance.

i found my way to the ferry over the ouse, according to this kind yorkist's instructions. the ferryman told me that the fee for crossing was a halfpenny, which seemed so ridiculously small that i offered him more; but this unparalleled englishman declined taking anything beyond his rightful halfpenny. this seems so wonderful to me that i can hardly trust my own memory.

reaching the station, i got some dinner, and at four o'clock, just as i was starting, came mr. bowman, my very agreeable and sensible travelling companion. our journeying together was ended here; for he was to keep on to london, and i to return to liverpool. so we parted, and i took the rail westward across england, through a very beautiful, and in some degree picturesque, tract of country, diversified with hills, through the valleys and vistas of which goes the railroad, with dells diverging from it on either hand, and streams and arched bridges, and old villages, and a hundred pleasant english sights. after passing rochdale, however, the dreary monotony of lancashire succeeded this variety. between nine and ten o'clock i reached the tithebarn station in liverpool. ever since until now, may 17th, i have employed my leisure moments in scribbling off the journal of my tour; but it has greatly lost by not having been written daily, as the scenes and occurrences were fresh. the most picturesque points can be seized in no other way, and the hues of the affair fade as quickly as those of a dying dolphin; or as, according to audubon, the plumage of a dead bird.

one thing that struck me as much as anything else in the highlands i had forgotten to put down. in our walk at balloch, along the road within view of loch lomond and the neighboring hills, it was a brilliant sunshiny afternoon, and i never saw any atmosphere so beautiful as that among the mountains. it was a clear, transparent, ethereal blue, as distinct as a vapor, and yet by no means vaporous, but a pure, crystalline medium. i have witnessed nothing like this among the berkshire hills nor elsewhere.

york is full of old churches, some of them very antique in appearance, the stones weather-worn, their edges rounded by time, blackened, and with all the tokens of sturdy and age-long decay; and in some of them i noticed windows quite full of old painted glass, a dreary kind of minute patchwork, all of one dark and dusty hue, when seen from the outside. yet had i seen them from the interior of the church, there doubtless would have been rich and varied apparitions of saints, with their glories round their heads, and bright-winged angels, and perhaps even the almighty father himself, so far as conceivable and representable by human powers. it requires light from heaven to make them visible. if the church were merely illuminated from the inside,—that is, by what light a man can get from his own understanding,—the pictures would be invisible, or wear at best but a miserable aspect.