the battle is over, the once glorious chichen itza has fallen and all because of the love of a woman. hunac-eel, the king of mayapan, the conqueror, is being borne into the ruined city. there are no shouts of welcome, no crowds gathered on the tops of such buildings as have escaped destruction. many of the former citizens have been killed, others are held prisoners, later to be enslaved, and still others have fled far to the southwards to find a resting place in peten itza.
chac-xib-chac, the king of chichen itza, had fallen on the field of battle, fighting for his bride. she was also of noble lineage and it was she whom hunac-eel had dared to desire, although she was the bride of his friend and ally in the famous league of mayapan which now was to be disrupted after an existence of two hundred years.
the wedding of chac-xib-chac and tibil had been marked by the pomp and luxury customary in royal marriages of the mayas. there had been games and dancing, feasting and song. the kings of mayapan, uxmal, izamal and the other kingdoms of yucatan, had been present. chichen was in gala dress. the festivities were at their height when, without warning, hunac-eel and his followers from mayapan rushed up the broad but steep stairway of the royal residence and burst into the very chamber of chac-xib-chac and his bride. his retainers, worn out by too much feasting, had made but a feeble resistance. hunac-eel fled with the reluctant bride to his home at mayapan.
there followed a long and devastating war. chac-xib-chac had been able to induce all the surrounding kingdoms except that of the xius to join his forces. the xius alone remained neutral. hunac-eel, on seeing the hosts against him, had called to his aid a body of mexican warriors who happened to be in tabasco. the war raged for many years. izamal was conquered, and one after another of the famous cities fell into the power of hunac-eel and his foreign allies. finally he attacked chichen itself, killed chac-xib-chac, and, aided by the novel machines of war of the mexicans, sacked the city.
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and now, the conqueror was making his triumphal entry. his son, also the son of tibil, accompanied him, a youth just arriving at manhood. there was also in the train of hunac-eel a young mexican named pantemitl. pantemitl had been trained as a warrior, but his activities had taken a more peaceful turn. he had had a minor part in the erection of the great temple of the sun, at teotihuacan in his homeland. hunac-eel had recognized the young man’s abilities as an artist and architect; he was just such a man as hunac-eel needed in order to carry out his plan of building a greater and more glorious chichen.
hunac-eel soon returned to mayapan, leaving behind him taxcal, his son, and installing a governor to rule the city.
taxcal and pantemitl, the young architect, soon became the greatest of friends. pantemitl was engaged in building a wonderful temple, erected on a high pyramid, with stairways on the four sides. he had brought with him the ideas of his country which were new to yucatan. he had carvings of the feathered serpent made for the entrance to the temple and for one of the great stone stairways. the people of chichen marveled at the art of the foreign country which was blossoming in their city.
among the inhabitants, of whom many were serving as slaves to the usurpers, was a worker in jade. the beauty of his carvings had brought him renown. his craftsmanship was unequalled in all the country. it was he who was called upon to furnish all the head and breast ornaments and beads, for the regalia of those who impersonated the gods of the mayas in the festivals which came every twenty days. with his daughter the old jade worker lived in a thatched hut on the outskirts of the city. the girl was beautiful. her frame was small, and she had bright brown eyes with features sharp and finely chiselled. there was a subtle refinement about her which is common even to-day to all maya women, especially when they are young. nicte, the flower, was a dutiful daughter and when she was not grinding maize she liked to spend her time sharpening the stone tools, and collecting the reeds needed by her father in his jade work. like the other women, she took little part in the great religious spectacles performed so frequently in the temples. and now more than ever her father kept her at home, for he feared lest by chance she be selected as an offering to the new gods, introduced 267 by the toltecs who had come to the city in the armies of hunac-eel. however her beauty attracted the attention of pantemitl when he came to visit her father, who was making the jade and obsidian eyes for the many figures of the feathered serpent set up by the young artist.
pantemitl was about to complete a wonderful ball court at chichen, for the game of tlachtli which formed a part of the religious life of the mexicans. the people of chichen looked with favor at the introduction of this game into their city, as they were fond of spectacles. the court consisted of two massive and parallel walls of masonry. near the top and at the center of each wall there projected a stone ring which was carved with the feathered serpent design. but the court itself was a very small part of the whole undertaking. there were two beautiful temples at either end, and the most wonderful of all buildings on the top and at the end of one of the walls. the outside was decorated with friezes of tigers alternating with shields. the portico of the building was borne by two serpent columns with a stone altar between, consisting of fifteen carved and painted human figures, supporting in their upturned hands a flat stone as a table. the stone jambs of the doorway were carved with warriors and the carved wooden lintel had the sun god upon it. inside the temple itself pantemitl painted the scenes of the battles of hunac-eel and his enemies. he introduced into this fresco also many scenes of domestic life; he had even dared to paint in women and the very house of nicte. this was sacrilegious according to the ideas of taxcal who believed that women should not be represented in a temple of the gods, as they had no part to play in the religion of his fathers.
now taxcal, too, had seen nicte and had begun to covet her. his friendship for pantemitl had given place to rivalry and bitter enmity. the quarrel had reached the ears of the governor of chichen who was forced to take cognizance of it as it was interfering with the completion of the architectural work. the governor’s position was difficult. he feared the wrath of the king and yet he hesitated to take the side of taxcal as the people had made pantemitl, the toltec, a hero on account of the part he was playing in rebuilding their city. besides, the governor had learned that hunac-eel was being surrounded in his city by the cocomes, descendants of the itzas themselves. as these people were conquering everything before them, perhaps hunac-eel was no longer to be feared.
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the decision of the governor was to let the gods solve the outcome of the quarrel. he ordered the two rivals to play the first game of tlachtli in the inauguration of the new court. the gods of the ball court would determine the victory; their solution would be a just one. it was decided, therefore, that the winner of the game could claim the jade worker’s daughter as his prize. the other should be given to the gods, his heart cut out and offered to their images. this practice, so common in mexico, was comparatively unknown in yucatan. here was a chance, thought the governor, of providing a worthy sacrifice to the new gods.
each youth eagerly accepted the wager of gaming for their gods and nicte. as for nicte, she was virtually a slave, her choice in the matter played no part. and yet she was inclined strongly toward the prince, a man of her own race, as against pantemitl, the foreigner.
the day dawned for the inauguration of the ball court. news had gone out of the unusual circumstances connected with the first game. people were coming from all the surrounding towns, even from itzamal, many leagues distant. the usual stakes were mantles, gold, and jade ornaments, but sometimes men played themselves into slavery. to-day the loser is to give his very life. the crowd line the top of the massive walls, the governor and his suite sit in the portico of the temple of the tigers, other dignitaries fill the two small temples at either end. sacrifices are made to the gods of the ball court in these three temples. there are songs and dances in the court itself, by gayly dressed youths. priests in the superb regalia of their offices are entering the enclosure in solemn procession. prayers are offered and the ball is thrown about the court four times in the direction of the four points of the compass.
the two young men, each with five friends as fellow players, enter the court. a hush falls on the multitude, followed by a murmur of admiration when they see the stalwart youths, their bodies glistening with paint, and their breechclouts covered with gold and jade ornaments. pantemitl is the favorite in the betting, as he it is who has caused chichen to rise again as a city second to none in the whole peninsula. taxcal and his players have the rubber ball, bouncing it steadily down the court towards the ring of their adversaries.
the ball hovers a moment at the hole but falls back again. it lands squarely on the hip of pantemitl, who leaps high into the air to receive it. he and his fellow players have had long practice with 269 the game in mexico and this fact now begins to show itself. pantemitl bounces the ball to a companion, and from one to the other it quickly passes until he finally receives it again, directly in front of the ring of his opponents. with great dexterity he throws it squarely through the hole and the game is ended.
according to the rules, the mantles of the spectators belonged to the victor but on this occasion none rushed from the court. all were preoccupied with the tragic ending of the game. for taxcal had fallen exhausted at the feet of pantemitl who raised him and carried him to the tiger temple. here the governor received them. taxcal’s father was no longer to be feared, as word had come that he had been driven out of his city by the cocomes. by sacrificing the son of hunac-eel the governor realizes that he will curry favor with the new conquerors of mayapan.
the governor decides, therefore, to have the sacrifice at once. priests are dispatched to prepare for the ceremony in the portico of the famous pyramid temple, hardly a stone’s throw from the ball court. the sacrificial stone is ready to receive its offering, and taxcal is a youth without a blemish, as demanded by the gods. resistless, he allows himself to be arrayed in the magnificent robes of sacrifice. he is regaled with incense from vases of burning copal, and is almost buried in flowers. pages follow him in the procession of priests as they wind their way up the hundred steps of the pyramid. according to mexican custom, believed to be the impersonation of a god, he is treated with all possible honor and respect.
at the top of the staircase, relinquishing his flowers and his mantles, he is received by six priests with locks matted with the blood of previous victims, their ears hanging in long strips where they have been cut as acts of penance. led to the sacrificial stone, he is thrown on his back upon it. five priests hold his arms and legs while the sixth, clad in a scarlet mantle, dexterously opens his breast with the famous sacrificial knife, its wooden handle carved with the intertwined bodies of two serpents. inserting his hand into the wound, he tears out the palpitating heart. holding it first toward the setting sun, he casts it at the feet of the image of the god to whom the temple is dedicated.
when pantemitl next made his way to the jade maker’s hut he heard from a distance singing and wailing, and was surprised to see 270 crowds of people gathered. presently he learned with horror that his beloved nicte had offered herself for sacrifice. she had announced that she too would die, a sacrifice to the gods, in the sacred well of the itzas.
priests were already preparing the ceremonies. the sixty days of fasting had begun. gifts and incense were brought and nicte, lying on her couch, was being dressed in white robes and garlanded with flowers. in despair and contrition, pantemitl spent the time in his tiger temple, painting over the door of the frescoed chamber the scene of the sacrifice of his rival. in the chamber behind the temple he carved scenes of warriors and civilians paying homage to the god of the feathered serpent. these he hoped would find favor with the gods and free him from his unhappy feelings.
the cenote of sacrifice, a huge natural well, was situated only a short distance from the temple which had been the scene of the death of taxcal. into the cenote the most precious possessions of the people were thrown as offerings to the gods. virgins were considered especially welcome to the gods and the dark waters, three score feet from the surface, held many victims.
at the break of the sixtieth day, the procession starts from the house of the jade cutter. numberless bowls of copal incense, incrusted with amulets, are burned, carved wooden staffs, with heads made of stone mosaics or covered with gold masks, are being carried by the priests, all to be thrown into the dark waters. the maiden herself is dressed in finely woven textiles, heavily ornamented with golden bells and jade beads. she wears on her breast a gold plaque on which the sacrifice of her lover is depicted. nicte is to die for the love of taxcal, but to all the others it is an act of supreme devotion to the gods.
the procession winds its way to the great pyramid and from there a broad avenue, lined with images, leads to the cenote of sacrifice. as the band of worshipers are encircling the holy well, the priests with the maiden take their places in the small temple directly at the brink. more incense is burned and the precious offerings are thrown into the water, with prayers and songs in praise of the gods of the cenote. in the silence which follows, the main actors reach the roof of the temple whence, in a few moments, the maiden is cast into the depths beneath. as the ripples widen out271 to the edges of the great pool, prayers are chanted supplicating the gods to receive graciously the offering....
worn out with work and with sorrow, pantemitl could stand the strain no longer, and he sickened and died. just before his death he completed a small replica of the pyramid temple planned to receive the ashes of the poor queen, the mother of taxcal, tibil, who had requested that she be buried in the city of her fathers.
the death of pantemitl cast the city into mourning. his great achievements had made of him a hero. his masterpiece, the pyramid tomb, was completed, and the people demanded that this beautiful temple with its crypt be made the tomb of its architect. offerings from all covered the pyre on which his body was burned. his last wish was that the ashes of taxcal should be mingled with his.... the final rite is about to begin. a beautiful alabaster jar, one of the most precious possessions of the city, a gift from a visiting monarch from a distant country, is carried in the procession of priests to the top of the pyramid tomb. it holds the ashes of pantemitl and of taxcal. reverently the vase, surrounded by offerings of jade, is lowered from the floor of the temple through the stone-lined shaft until it rests in the natural chamber below the mound.
alfred m. tozzer
