if in the descriptive–historical portion of this volume, teufelsdrockh, discussing merely the werden (origin and successive improvement) of clothes, has astonished many a reader, much more will he in the speculative–philosophical portion, which treats of their wirken, or influences. it is here that the present editor first feels the pressure of his task; for here properly the higher and new philosophy of clothes commences: all untried, almost inconceivable region, or chaos; in venturing upon which, how difficult, yet how unspeakably important is it to know what course, of survey and conquest, is the true one; where the footing is firm substance and will bear us, where it is hollow, or mere cloud, and may engulf us! teufelsdrockh undertakes no less than to expound the moral, political, even religious influences of clothes; he undertakes to make manifest, in its thousand-fold bearings, this grand proposition, that man’s earthly interests “are all hooked and buttoned together, and held up, by clothes.” he says in so many words, “society is founded upon cloth;” and again, “society sails through the infinitude on cloth, as on a faust’s mantle, or rather like the sheet of clean and unclean beasts in the apostle’s dream; and without such sheet or mantle, would sink to endless depths, or mount to inane limbos, and in either case be no more.”
by what chains, or indeed infinitely complected tissues, of meditation this grand theorem is here unfolded, and innumerable practical corollaries are drawn therefrom, it were perhaps a mad ambition to attempt exhibiting. our professor’s method is not, in any case, that of common school logic, where the truths all stand in a row, each holding by the skirts of the other; but at best that of practical reason’ proceeding by large intuition over whole systematic groups and kingdoms; whereby, we might say, a noble complexity, almost like that of nature, reigns in his philosophy, or spiritual picture of nature: a mighty maze, yet, as faith whispers, not without a plan. nay we complained above, that a certain ignoble complexity, what we must call mere confusion, was also discernible. often, also, we have to exclaim: would to heaven those same biographical documents were come! for it seems as if the demonstration lay much in the author’s individuality; as if it were not argument that had taught him, but experience. at present it is only in local glimpses, and by significant fragments, picked often at wide-enough intervals from the original volume, and carefully collated, that we can hope to impart some outline or foreshadow of this doctrine. readers of any intelligence are once more invited to favor us with their most concentrated attention: let these, after intense consideration, and not till then, pronounce, whether on the utmost verge of our actual horizon there is not a looming as of land; a promise of new fortunate islands, perhaps whole undiscovered americas, for such as have canvas to sail thither? — as exordium to the whole, stand here the following long citation:—
“with men of a speculative turn,” writes teufelsdrockh, “there come seasons, meditative, sweet, yet awful hours, when in wonder and fear you ask yourself that unanswerable question: who am i; the thing that can say ‘i’ (das wesen das sich ich nennt)? the world, with its loud trafficking, retires into the distance; and, through the paper-hangings, and stonewalls, and thick-plied tissues of commerce and polity, and all the living and lifeless integuments (of society and a body), wherewith your existence sits surrounded, — the sight reaches forth into the void deep, and you are alone with the universe, and silently commune with it, as one mysterious presence with another.
“who am i; what is this me? a voice, a motion, an appearance; — some embodied, visualized idea in the eternal mind? cogito, ergo sum. alas, poor cogitator, this takes us but a little way. sure enough, i am; and lately was not: but whence? how? whereto? the answer lies around, written in all colors and motions, uttered in all tones of jubilee and wail, in thousand-figured, thousand-voiced, harmonious nature: but where is the cunning eye and ear to whom that god-written apocalypse will yield articulate meaning? we sit as in a boundless phantasmagoria and dream-grotto; boundless, for the faintest star, the remotest century, lies not even nearer the verge thereof: sounds and many-colored visions flit round our sense; but him, the unslumbering, whose work both dream and dreamer are, we see not; except in rare half-waking moments, suspect not. creation, says one, lies before us, like a glorious rainbow; but the sun that made it lies behind us, hidden from us. then, in that strange dream, how we clutch at shadows as if they were substances; and sleep deepest while fancying ourselves most awake! which of your philosophical systems is other than a dream-theorem; a net quotient, confidently given out, where divisor and dividend are both unknown? what are all your national wars, with their moscow retreats, and sanguinary hate-filled revolutions, but the somnambulism of uneasy sleepers? this dreaming, this somnambulism is what we on earth call life; wherein the most indeed undoubtingly wander, as if they knew right hand from left; yet they only are wise who know that they know nothing.
“pity that all metaphysics had hitherto proved so inexpressibly unproductive! the secret of man’s being is still like the sphinx’s secret: a riddle that he cannot rede; and for ignorance of which he suffers death, the worst death, a spiritual. what are your axioms, and categories, and systems, and aphorisms? words, words. high air-castles are cunningly built of words, the words well bedded also in good logic-mortar; wherein, however, no knowledge will come to lodge. the whole is greater than the part: how exceedingly true! nature abhors a vacuum: how exceedingly false and calumnious! again, nothing can act but where it is: with all my heart; only, where is it? be not the slave of words: is not the distant, the dead, while i love it, and long for it, and mourn for it, here, in the genuine sense, as truly as the floor i stand on? but that same where, with its brother when, are from the first the master-colors of our dream-grotto; say rather, the canvas (the warp and woof thereof) whereon all our dreams and life-visions are painted. nevertheless, has not a deeper meditation taught certain of every climate and age, that the where and when, so mysteriously inseparable from all our thoughts, are but superficial terrestrial adhesions to thought; that the seer may discern them where they mount up out of the celestial everywhere and forever: have not all nations conceived their god as omnipresent and eternal; as existing in a universal here, an everlasting now? think well, thou too wilt find that space is but a mode of our human sense, so likewise time; there is no space and no time: we are — we know not what; — light-sparkles floating in the ether of deity!
“so that this so solid-seeming world, after all, were but an air-image, our me the only reality: and nature, with its thousand-fold production and destruction, but the reflex of our own inward force, the ‘phantasy of our dream;’ or what the earth–spirit in faust names it, the living visible garment of god:—
“‘in being’s floods, in action’s storm,
i walk and work, above, beneath,
work and weave in endless motion!
birth and death,
an infinite ocean;
a seizing and giving
the fire of living:
’tis thus at the roaring loom of time i ply,
and weave for god the garment thou seest him by.’
of twenty millions that have read and spouted this thunder-speech of the erdgeist, are there yet twenty units of us that have learned the meaning thereof?
“it was in some such mood, when wearied and fordone with these high speculations, that i first came upon the question of clothes. strange enough, it strikes me, is this same fact of there being tailors and tailored. the horse i ride has his own whole fell: strip him of the girths and flaps and extraneous tags i have fastened round him, and the noble creature is his own sempster and weaver and spinner; nay his own boot-maker, jeweller, and man-milliner; he bounds free through the valleys, with a perennial rain-proof court-suit on his body; wherein warmth and easiness of fit have reached perfection; nay, the graces also have been considered, and frills and fringes, with gay variety of color, featly appended, and ever in the right place, are not wanting. while i— good heaven! — have thatched myself over with the dead fleeces of sheep, the bark of vegetables, the entrails of worms, the hides of oxen or seals, the felt of furred beasts; and walk abroad a moving rag-screen, overheaped with shreds and tatters raked from the charnel-house of nature, where they would have rotted, to rot on me more slowly! day after day, i must thatch myself anew; day after day, this despicable thatch must lose some film of its thickness; some film of it, frayed away by tear and wear, must be brushed off into the ashpit, into the laystall; till by degrees the whole has been brushed thither, and i, the dust-making, patent rat-grinder, get new material to grind down. o subter-brutish! vile! most vile! for have not i too a compact all-enclosing skin, whiter or dingier? am i a botched mass of tailors’ and cobblers’ shreds, then; or a tightly articulated, homogeneous little figure, automatic, nay alive?
“strange enough how creatures of the human-kind shut their eyes to plainest facts; and by the mere inertia of oblivion and stupidity, live at ease in the midst of wonders and terrors. but indeed man is, and was always, a blockhead and dullard; much readier to feel and digest, than to think and consider. prejudice, which he pretends to hate, is his absolute lawgiver; mere use-and-wont everywhere leads him by the nose; thus let but a rising of the sun, let but a creation of the world happen twice, and it ceases to be marvellous, to be noteworthy, or noticeable. perhaps not once in a lifetime does it occur to your ordinary biped, of any country or generation, be he gold-mantled prince or russet-jerkined peasant, that his vestments and his self are not one and indivisible; that he is naked, without vestments, till he buy or steal such, and by forethought sew and button them.
“for my own part, these considerations, of our clothes-thatch, and how, reaching inwards even to our heart of hearts, it tailorizes and demoralizes us, fill me with a certain horror at myself and mankind; almost as one feels at those dutch cows, which, during the wet season, you see grazing deliberately with jackets and petticoats (of striped sacking), in the meadows of gouda. nevertheless there is something great in the moment when a man first strips himself of adventitious wrappages; and sees indeed that he is naked, and, as swift has it, ‘a forked straddling animal with bandy legs;’ yet also a spirit, and unutterable mystery of mysteries.”
