before i had been in the old bailey dock two minutes on the morning of my second trial, i found that our case was hopeless. the names of no less than four jurymen were handed to me by friends in court, every one of whom had been heard to declare that he meant to bring in a verdict of guilty. one of these impartial guardians of english liberty had stated, in a public-house, his intention to "make it hot for the freethinkers." how many more had uttered similar sentiments it is impossible to say, but it is reasonable to suppose that, if four were discovered by my friends, there were others who had escaped their detection. one of the four, a mr. thomas jackson, was called on the jury list. i at once challenged him. he was then put into the witness-box, and on examination he admitted that he "had expressed an opinion adverse to the defendants in this case."

then ensued a bit of comedy between judge north and sir hardinge giffard, who both assumed a wonderful air of impartiality.

"judge north: sir hardinge, is it not better to withdraw this

juryman at once? whatever the verdict of the jury, i should be

sorry to have a man among them who had expressed himself as

prejudiced.

sir hardinge giffard: oh yes, my lord; i withdraw him. it will

be much more satisfactory to the crown and everybody else concerned."

"i withdraw him," says sir hardinge; "i should be sorry to have him," says the judge; both evidently feeling that they were making a generous concession in the interests of justice. but as a matter of fact they had no choice. mr. thomas jackson could no more sit on that jury after my challenge than he could fly over the moon. i smiled at the pretended generosity of these legal cronies, and said to myself, "thank you for nothing."

mr. thomas jackson's exit made no practical difference. i felt, i will not say that the jury was packed, but that it was admirably adapted to the end in view. ours being the only case for trial that day, it was not difficult to accomplish this result. a friend of mine said to one of the officers of the court before i entered the dock, "well, how is the case going to-day?" "oh," was the prompt reply, "they are sure to convict." he knew the character of the jury.

some of the "twelve men and true" had not even the decency to attend to the proceedings. one was timed by a friend in court—dead asleep for sixty minutes. when that juryman awoke his mind was made up on the case. at the conclusion of a trial that lasted over six hours they did not even retire for consultation. they stood up, faced each other, muttered together for about a minute, nodded their heads affirmatively, and then sat down and gave a verdict of guilty.

several of the jury, however, i am bound to admit, had no idea that judge north would inflict upon us such infamous sentences, and they were quite shocked at the consequences of their verdict. four of them subsequently signed the memorial for our release. a fifth juryman vehemently declined to do so. "no," he said, "not i. i'm a man of principle! they got off too easy. two years' hard labor wouldn't have been a bit too much." this pious gentleman is a publican in soho, and bears the name of a famous murderer, wainwright.

but to return. mr. ramsey and i were represented this time on all legal points by counsel. mr. cluer watched our interests vigilantly, and performed a difficult task with great courage and judgment. he bore judge north's insults with wonderful patience. "don't mind what you think about, it, mr. cluer," "i don't want you to tell me what you think;" such were the flowers of courtesy strewed from the bench upon mr. cluer's path. our counsel's colleague in the case was mr. horace avory, who represented mr. kemp. he also had a somewhat onerous duty to perform.

there is no need to deal with the technical evidence against us. it was of the usual character, and we merely cross-examined the witnesses as a matter of form. one thing was brought out clearly. sir henry tyler's solicitors were aiding sir thomas nelson, and their clerks were produced as witnesses against us.

judge north's reception of evidence was peculiar. knowing that there was no court of criminal appeal, he set the rules of procedure at defiance. any tittle-tattle was admitted, and postmen and servants were allowed to swear as to the directions on unproduced documents alleged to have been addressed to me. when, several weeks later, i was tried a third time in the court of queen's bench, i heard lord coleridge rebuke the prosecuting counsel for attempting to put questions against which judge north would hear no objection. i understand now how much prisoners are at the mercy of judges, and i feel how much truth there was in the remark i once heard from a prisoner in holloway gaol, that "it's often a toss up whether you get one year or seven."

let me here also ask why mr. fawcett, the late postmaster general, allowed his letter-carriers to be employed as detectives in such a case. it was proved in evidence that a policeman had called at the west-central post office, and obtained an interview with the manager, after which the letter-carriers were instructed to spy upon my correspondence. mr. fawcett subsequently denied that the letter-carriers had ever been so instructed; but in that case the post office witnesses must have committed perjury. i do not believe it. i am confident that they merely obeyed orders, and that the scandalous abuse of a public trust must be charged upon the district postmaster, who probably thinks any weapon is legitimate against freethinkers. as mr. fawcett refused to censure the postmaster for exceeding his duty, or the letter-carrier for committing perjury, i cannot hold him altogether guiltless in the matter.

in opening my defence i took care to accentuate my appreciation of judge north's kindness, as the following passage will show:

"gentlemen of the jury,—i stand in a position of great difficulty

and disadvantage. on thursday last i defended myself against

the very same charges in the very same indictment. the case

lasted nearly seven hours, and the jury retired for more than

two hours without being able to come to an agreement. they

were then discharged, and the learned judge said he would try

the case again on monday with a new jury. as i had been out

on bail from my committal, and as i stood in the same position

after that abortive trial as before it commenced, i asked the

learned judge to renew my bail, but he refused. i pleaded that

i should have no opportunity to prepare my defence, and i was

peremptorily told i should have the same opportunity as i had

had that day. well, gentlemen, i have enjoyed the learned judge's

opportunity. i have spent all the weary hours since thursday,

with the exception of the three allowed for bodily exercise

during the whole interval, in a small prison cell six feet wide,

and so dark that i could neither write nor read at midday without

the aid of gaslight. there was around me no sign of the animated

life i am accustomed to, nothing but the loathsome sights and

sounds of prison life. and in these trying and depressing

circumstances i have had to prepare to defend myself in a new

trial against two junior counsel and a senior counsel, who have

had no difficulties to contend with, who have behind them the

wealth and authority of the greatest and richest corporation

in the world, and who might even walk out of court in the

perfect assurance that the prosecution would not be allowed

to suffer in their absence."

those who wish to read the whole of my defence, which lasted over two hours, will find it in the "three trials for blasphemy." one portion of it, at least, is likely to be of permanent interest. with mr. wheeler's aid i drew up a long list of the abusive epithets applied by christian controversialists to their pagan opponents or to each other. it fills more than two pages of small type, and pretty nearly exhausts the vocabulary of vituperation. i added a few pearls of orthodox abuse of atheism, and then asked the jury whether christians had taught freethinkers to show respect for their opponents' feelings. "nobody in this country," i continued, "whatever his religion, is called upon to respect the feelings of anybody else. it is only the freethinker who is told to respect the feelings of people from whom he differs. and to respect them how? not when he enters their places of worship, not when he stands side by side with them in the business and pleasures of life, but when he reads what is written for freethinkers without knowing that a pair of christian eyes will ever scan the page."

it may be asked why i adopted a course so little likely to conciliate my judges. my reply is that i did not try to conciliate them. feeling convinced that their verdict was already settled, and that my fate was sealed, i cast all such considerations aside, and deliberately made a speech for my own party. i was resolved that my loss should be the gain of freethought. the peroration is the only other part of my defence i shall venture to quote. it ran as follows:

"gentlemen, carry your minds back across the chasm of eighteen

centuries and a half. you are in jerusalem. a young jew is

haled along the street to the place of judgment. he stands

before his judge; he is accused—of what, gentlemen? you

know what he is accused of—the word must be springing to

your lips—blasphemy! every christian among you knows that

your founder, jesus christ, was crucified after being charged

with blasphemy. gentlemen, it seems to me that no christian

should ever find a man guilty of blasphemy after that, but

that the very word ought to be wiped from your vocabulary,

as a reproach and a scandal. christians, your founder was

murdered as a blasphemer, for, although done judicially, it

was still a murder. surely then you will not, when you have

secured the possession of power, imitate the bad example of

those who killed your founder, violate men's liberties, rob

them of all that is perhaps dearest to them, and brand them

with a stigma of public infamy by a verdict from the jury-box!

surely gentlemen, it is impossible that you can do that! who

are we? three poor men. are we wicked? no, there is no proof

of the charge. our honor and honesty are unimpeached. it is

not for us to play the pharisee and say that we are better than

other men. we only say that we are no worse. what have we

done to be classed with thieves and felons, dragged from our

homes and submitted to the indignities of a life so loathsome

and hideous, that it is even revolting to the spirits of the men

who have to exercise authority within the precincts of the gaol?

you know we have done nothing to merit such a punishment.

gentlemen, you ought to return a verdict of not guilty against

us, because the prosecution have not given you sufficient

evidence as to the fact; because whatever legal bigotry is

gained from the decisions of judges in the past must be treated

as obsolete, as the london magistrate treated the law of

maintenance; because we have done nothing, as the indictment

states, against the peace; because our proceedings have led

to no tumult in the streets, no interference with the liberty

of any man, his person or property; because no evidence has

been tendered to you of any malice in our case; because there

is no wicked motive in anything we have done; because the

founder of your own creed was murdered on a very similar charge

to that of which we stand accused now; and, lastly, because

you should in this third quarter of the nineteenth century

assert once and for ever the great principle of the absolute

freedom of each man, unless he trench on the equal freedom of

others. i ask you to assert the great principle of the liberty

of the press, liberty of the platform, liberty of thought and

liberty of speech; i ask you to prevent such prosecutions as

are hinted at in the times this morning; i ask you not to

allow sects once more to be hurling anathemas against each other,

and flying to the magistrates to settle questions which should

be settled by intellectual and moral suasion; i ask you not

to open a discreditable chapter of english history that ought

to have been closed for ever; i ask you to give us a verdict

of not guilty, to send us back to our homes and to stamp your

brand of disapprobation on this prosecution, which is degrading

religion by associating it with all that is penal, obstructive,

and loathsome; i ask you to let us go away from here free men,

and so make it impossible that there ever should again be a

prosecution for blasphemy; i ask you to have your names inscribed

in history as the last jury that decided for ever that great

and grand principle of liberty which is broader than all the

skies; a principle so high that no temple could be lofty enough

for its worship; that grand principle which should rule over

all—the principle of the equal right and the equal liberty

of all men. that is the principle i ask you to assert by your

verdict of not guilty. gentlemen, i ask you to close this

discreditable chapter of persecution once and for ever, and

associate your names on the page of history with liberty,

progress, and everything that is dignified, noble and dear

to the consciences and hearts of men."

when i sat down there was a burst of applause, which the court officials were unable to suppress. mr. ramsey followed with another written speech, well composed and very much to the point. i noticed some of his auditors outside the jury-box choking down their emotion as he touchingly referred to his sleepless nights in newgate through thinking of wife and child. his lordship, i observed only smiled bitterly.

judge north's summing up was a fraudulent performance. he told the jury that the consent of the attorney-general had to be obtained for our prosecution, as well as that of the public prosecutor, which was a downright falsehood, unless it was a piece of sheer ignorance. he pretended to read the whole chapter on offences against religion in sir james stephen's "digest of the criminal law," while in reality he deliberately omitted the very paragraph which damned his contention and supported mine. he also produced a new statement of the law of blasphemy to suit the occasion. on the previous thursday he told the jury that any denial of the existence of deity or of providence was blasphemy. but in the meantime the public press had condemned this interpretation of the law as dangerous to high-class heretics. his lordship, therefore, expounded the law afresh, so as to exempt them while including us. the only question he now submitted to the jury was, "are any of those passages put before you calculated to expose to ridicule, contempt or derision the holy scriptures or the christian religion?" this amended statement of the law of blasphemy went directly in the teeth of our indictment, which charged us with bringing holy scripture and the christian religion into disbelief as well as contempt. the fact is, blasphemy is a judge-made crime, and the "blasphemer's" fate depends very largely on who tries him. lord coleridge holds one view of the law, sir james stephen another, and justice north another still. nay, the last judge differs even from himself. he can give two various definitions of the law in five days, no doubt on the principle that circumstances alter cases, and that what is true for one purpose may be false for another.

i have said that the jury, with indecent haste, returned a verdict of guilty. the crowd of people in court were evidently surprised at the result, although i was not, and they gave vent to groans and hisses. the tumult was indescribable. suddenly there rang out from the gallery overhead the agonising cry of my young wife, whom i had implored not to come, and whose presence there i never suspected. she had crept in and listened all day to my trial, never leaving her seat for fear of losing it; and now, overwearied and faint for want of food, she reeled under the heavy blow. my heart leaped at the sound; my brain reeled; the scene around me swam in confusion—judge, jury, lawyers and spectators all shifting like the pieces in a kaleidoscope; my very frame seemed expanding and dissolving in space. the feeling lasted only a moment. yet to me how long! with a tremendous effort i crushed down my emotions, and the next moment i was mentally as calm as an alp, although physically i quivered like a race-horse sharply reined up in mid-gallop by an iron hand. my wife i could not help, but i could still maintain the honor and dignity of freethought.

order was at length restored after his lordship had threatened to clear the court. mr. avory then asked him to deal leniently with mr. kemp, who was merely a paid servant of ours, and in no other way actually responsible for the incriminated publication. justice north listened with ill-concealed impatience. he was obviously anxious to flesh the sword of justice in his helpless victims. directly mr. avory finished he began to pronounce the following sentence on me, and while he spoke there was deadly silence in that crowded court:—

"george william foote, you have been found guilty by the jury

of publishing these blasphemous libels. this trial has been

to me a very painful one. i regret extremely to find a person

of your undoubted intelligence, a man gifted by god with such

great ability, should have chosen to prostitute his talents to

the service of the devil. i consider this paper totally different

from any of the works you have brought before me in every way,

and the sentence i now pass upon you is one of imprisonment for

twelve calendar months."

twelve months! it was longer than i expected, but what matter? my indifference, however, was not shared by the crowd. they rose, and as the reporter said, "burst forth into a storm of hissing, groaning, and derisive cries." "damn christianity!" i heard one shout, and "scroggs" and "jeffries" were flung at the judge, who seemed at first to enjoy the scene, although he grew alarmed as the tumult increased. "clear the gallery," he cried, and the police burst in among the people. but before they did their work something happened. from the first i resolved, if i were found guilty and sentenced to imprisonment, that i would say something before leaving the dock. my first impulse was to hurl at the judge a few words of passionate indignation. but i reflected "no! i have been tried and condemned for ridiculing superstition. sarcasm is blasphemy. well then, let me sustain my character to the end. i will leave with a stinging freethinker sentence on my lips." raising my hand, i obtained a moment's silence. then i folded my arms and surveyed the judge. our eyes flashed mutual enmity for a few seconds, until with a scornful smile and a mock bow i said, "thank you, my lord; the sentence is worthy of your creed."

that retort has frequently been cited. it was a happy inspiration, and the more i ponder it the more profoundly i feel that it was exactly the right thing to say.

the officers behind gave me a pressing invitation to descend the dock stairs, and i complied. for a long time i waited in one of the little dens i have already described, pacing up and down, revolving many thoughts, and wondering what detained my companions. the fact is, the police had a great deal of trouble in executing the judge's orders, and some time elapsed before he could strike mr. ramsey and mr. kemp. meanwhile i could hear through the earth and the brick walls the roar of that indignant crowd which filled the street and suspended traffic, and i knew it was the first sound of public opinion reversing my unjust sentence.

consider it for a moment. there is no allusion to outraged feelings, much less any suggestion of "indecency." it is a plain declaration of theological hatred; it breathes the spirit which animated the grand inquisitors when they sentenced heretics to be burnt to ashes at the stake. "listen," says the judge. "i am on god's side. you are on the devil's. god doesn't see you, but i do; god doesn't punish you, but i will. we have hells on earth for you freethinkers, in the shape of christian gaols, and to hell you go!"

presently mr. ramsey came down with nine months on his back, and then mr. kemp with three. they had my sentence between them. mr. cattell afterwards joined us without any sentence. he was ordered to enter into his own recognisances in l200, and to find one surety in l100, to come up for judgment when called upon.

people have wondered on what principle judge north determined our sentences. one theory is that he punished us according to the amount of his time we occupied. i made a long speech and got twelve months; mr. ramsey made a short speech and got nine; mr. kemp made no speech and got only three; while mr. cattell cried peccavi and got off with a caution.

"ready," cried the old janitor, in response to a distant voice. our den was unlocked and we were marched back to newgate for the last time.