sviazhsky was the marshal of his district. he was five years older than levin, and had long been married. his sister-in-law, a young girl levin liked very much, lived in his house; and levin knew that sviazhsky and his wife would have greatly liked to marry the girl to him. he knew this with certainty, as so-called eligible young men always know it, though he could never have brought himself to speak of it to anyone; and he knew too that, although he wanted to get married, and although by every token this very attractive girl would make an excellent wife, he could no more have married her, even if he had not been in love with kitty shtcherbatskaya, than he could have flown up to the sky. and this knowledge poisoned the pleasure he had hoped to find in the visit to sviazhsky.
on getting sviazhsky's letter with the invitation for shooting, levin had immediately thought of this; but in spite of it he had made up his mind that sviazhsky's having such views for him was simply his own groundless supposition, and so he would go, all the same. besides, at the bottom of his heart he had a desire to try himself, put himself to the test in regard to this girl. the sviazhskys' home-life was exceedingly pleasant, and sviazhsky himself, the best type of man taking part in local affairs that levin knew, was very interesting to him.
sviazhsky was one of those people, always a source of wonder to levin, whose convictions, very logical though never original, go one way by themselves, while their life, exceedingly definite and firm in its direction, goes its way quite apart and almost always in direct contradiction to their convictions. sviazhsky was an extremely advanced man. he despised the nobility, and believed the mass of the nobility to be secretly in favor of serfdom, and only concealing their views from cowardice. he regarded russia as a ruined country, rather after the style of turkey, and the government of russia as so bad that he never permitted himself to criticize its doings seriously, and yet he was a functionary of that government and a model marshal of nobility, and when he drove about he always wore the cockade of office and the cap with the red band. he considered human life only tolerable abroad, and went abroad to stay at every opportunity, and at the same time he carried on a complex and improved system of agriculture in russia, and with extreme interest followed everything and knew everything that was being done in russia. he considered the russian peasant as occupying a stage of development intermediate between the ape and the man, and at the same time in the local assemblies no one was readier to shake hands with the peasants and listen to their opinion. he believed neither in god nor the devil, but was much concerned about the question of the improvement of the clergy and the maintenance of their revenues, and took special trouble to keep up the church in his village.
on the woman question he was on the side of the extreme advocates of complete liberty for women, and especially their right to labor. but he lived with his wife on such terms that their affectionate childless home life was the admiration of everyone, and arranged his wife's life so that she did nothing and could do nothing but share her husband's efforts that her time should pass as happily and as agreeably as possible.
if it had not been a characteristic of levin's to put the most favorable interpretation on people, sviazhsky's character would have presented no doubt or difficulty to him: he would have said to himself, "a fool or a knave," and everything would have seemed clear. but he could not say "a fool," because sviazhsky was unmistakably clever, and moreover, a highly cultivated man, who was exceptionally modest over his culture. there was not a subject he knew nothing of. but he did not display his knowledge except when he was compelled to do so. still less could levin say that he was a knave, as sviazhsky was unmistakably an honest, good-hearted, sensible man, who worked good-humoredly, keenly, and perseveringly at his work; he was held in high honor by everyone about him, and certainly he had never consciously done, and was indeed incapable of doing, anything base.
levin tried to understand him, and could not understand him, and looked at him and his life as at a living enigma.
levin and he were very friendly, and so levin used to venture to sound sviazhsky, to try to get at the very foundation of his view of life; but it was always in vain. every time levin tried to penetrate beyond the outer chambers of sviazhsky's mind, which were hospitably open to all, he noticed that sviazhsky was slightly disconcerted; faint signs of alarm were visible in his eyes, as though he were afraid levin would understand him, and he would give him a kindly, good-humored repulse.
just now, since his disenchantment with farming, levin was particularly glad to stay with sviazhsky. apart from the fact that the sight of this happy and affectionate couple, so pleased with themselves and everyone else, and their well-ordered home had always a cheering effect on levin, he felt a longing, now that he was so dissatisfied with his own life, to get at that secret in sviazhsky that gave him such clearness, definiteness, and good courage in life. moreover, levin knew that at sviazhsky's he should meet the landowners of the neighborhood, and it was particularly interesting for him just now to hear and take part in those rural conversations concerning crops, laborers' wages, and so on, which, he was aware, are conventionally regarded as something very low, but which seemed to him just now to constitute the one subject of importance. "it was not, perhaps, of importance in the days of serfdom, and it may not be of importance in england. in both cases the conditions of agriculture are firmly established; but among us now, when everything has been turned upside down and is only just taking shape, the question what form these conditions will take is the one question of importance in russia," thought levin.
the shooting turned out to be worse than levin had expected. the marsh was dry and there were no grouse at all. he walked about the whole day and only brought back three birds, but to make up for that--he brought back, as he always did from shooting, an excellent appetite, excellent spirits, and that keen, intellectual mood which with him always accompanied violent physical exertion. and while out shooting, when he seemed to be thinking of nothing at all, suddenly the old man and his family kept coming back to his mind, and the impression of them seemed to claim not merely his attention, but the solution of some question connected with them.
in the evening at tea, two landowners who had come about some business connected with a wardship were of the party, and the interesting conversation levin had been looking forward to sprang up.
levin was sitting beside his hostess at the tea table, and was obliged to keep up a conversation with her and her sister, who was sitting opposite him. madame sviazhskaya was a round-faced, fair-haired, rather short woman, all smiles and dimples. levin tried through her to get a solution of the weighty enigma her husband presented to his mind; but he had not complete freedom of ideas, because he was in an agony of embarrassment. this agony of embarrassment was due to the fact that the sister-in-law was sitting opposite to him, in a dress, specially put on, as he fancied, for his benefit, cut particularly open, in the shape of a trapeze, on her white bosom. this quadrangular opening, in spite of the bosom's being very white, or just because it was very white, deprived levin of the full use of his faculties. he imagined, probably mistakenly, that this low-necked bodice had been made on his account, and felt that he had no right to look at it, and tried not to look at it; but he felt that he was to blame for the very fact of the low-necked bodice having been made. it seemed to levin that he had deceived someone, that he ought to explain something, but that to explain it was impossible, and for that reason he was continually blushing, was ill at ease and awkward. his awkwardness infected the pretty sister-in-law too. but their hostess appeared not to observe this, and kept purposely drawing her into the conversation.
"you say," she said, pursuing the subject that had been started, "that my husband cannot be interested in what's russian. it's quite the contrary; he is always in cheerful spirits abroad, but not as he is here. here, he feels in his proper place. he has so much to do, and he has the faculty of interesting himself in everything. oh, you've not been to see our school, have you?"
"i've seen it.... the little house covered with ivy, isn't it?"
"yes; that's nastia's work," she said, indicating her sister.
"you teach in it yourself?" asked levin, trying to look above the open neck, but feeling that wherever he looked in that direction he should see it.
"yes; i used to teach in it myself, and do teach still, but we have a first-rate schoolmistress now. and we've started gymnastic exercises."
"no, thank you, i won't have any more tea," said levin, and conscious of doing a rude thing, but incapable of continuing the conversation, he got up, blushing. "i hear a very interesting conversation," he added, and walked to the other end of the table, where sviazhsky was sitting with the two gentlemen of the neighborhood. sviazhsky was sitting sideways, with one elbow on the table, and a cup in one hand, while with the other hand he gathered up his beard, held it to his nose and let it drop again, as though he were smelling it. his brilliant black eyes were looking straight at the excited country gentleman with gray whiskers, and apparently he derived amusement from his remarks. the gentleman was complaining of the peasants. it was evident to levin that sviazhsky knew an answer to this gentleman's complaints, which would at once demolish his whole contention, but that in his position he could not give utterance to this answer, and listened, not without pleasure, to the landowner's comic speeches.
the gentleman with the gray whiskers was obviously an inveterate adherent of serfdom and a devoted agriculturist, who had lived all his life in the country. levin saw proofs of this in his dress, in the old-fashioned threadbare coat, obviously not his everyday attire, in his shrewd deep-set eyes, in his idiomatic, fluent russian, in the imperious tone that had become habitual from long use, and in the resolute gestures of his large, red, sunburnt hands, with an old betrothal ring on the little finger.
