in italy also it is believed that there is a noxious influence in the eye of a wolf; it is supposed that it will instantly take away the voice of a man, if it is the first to see him.[94] africa and egypt produce wolves of a sluggish and stunted nature; 86 those of the colder climates are fierce and savage. that men have been turned into wolves, and again restored to their original form, we must confidently look upon as untrue, unless, indeed, we are ready to believe all the tales, which, for so many ages, have been found to be fabulous. but, as the belief of it has become so firmly fixed in the minds of the common people, as to have caused the term “versipellis”[95] to be used as a common form of imprecation, i will here point out its origin. euanthes, a grecian author of no mean reputation, informs us that the arcadians assert that a member of the family of anthus is chosen by lot, and then taken to a certain lake in that district, where, after suspending his clothes on an oak, he swims across the water and goes away into the desert, where he is changed into a wolf and associates with other animals of the same species for a space of nine years. if he has kept himself from beholding a man during the whole of that time, he returns to the same lake, and, after swimming across it, resumes his original form, only with the addition of nine years in age to his former appearance. to this fabius adds, that he takes his former clothes as well. it is really wonderful to what a length the credulity[96] of the greeks will go! there is no falsehood, if ever so barefaced, to which some of them cannot be found to bear testimony.

so, too, agriopas informs us that dem?netus, the parrhasian, during a sacrifice of human victims, which the arcadians were offering up to the lyc?an jupiter, tasted the entrails of a boy who had been slaughtered; upon which he was turned into a wolf, but, ten years afterwards, was 87 restored to his original shape and his calling of an athlete, and returned victorious in the pugilistic contests at the olympic games.

viper, or adder.—pelias berus.

with reference to serpents, it is generally known, that they assume the color of the soil in which they conceal themselves. the different species of them are innumerable. the cerastes has little horns, often four in number, projecting from the body, by the movement of which it attracts birds, while the rest of its body lies concealed. the amphisb?na has two heads, that is to say, it has a second one at the tail, as though one mouth were too little for the discharge of all its venom. some serpents have scales, some a mottled skin, and they are all possessed of a deadly poison. the jaculus[97] darts from the branches of trees; and it is not only to our feet that the serpent is formidable, for he even flies through the air just as though he were hurled from an engine. the neck of the asp puffs out, and there is no remedy whatever against its sting, except the instant excision of the affected part. this reptile, which is so deadly, is possessed of this one sense, or rather affection; the male and the female are generally found together, and the one cannot live without the other; hence it is that, if one of them happens to be killed, the other takes incredible pains to avenge its death. it 88 follows the slayer of its mate, and will single him out among never so large a number of people, by a sort of instinctive knowledge; with this object it overcomes all difficulties, travels any distance, and is only to be avoided by the intervention of rivers or an accelerated flight. it is really difficult to decide, whether nature has altogether been more liberal of good or of evil. first of all, however, she has given to this pest but weak powers of sight, and has placed the eyes, not in the front of the head, so that it may see straight before it, but in the temples, so that it is more frequently put in motion by the approach of the footstep than through the sight. the ichneumon, however, is its enemy to the very death.

this hostility is the especial glory of this animal, which is also produced in egypt. it plunges itself repeatedly into the mud, and then dries itself in the sun: as soon as, by these means, it has armed itself with a sufficient number of coatings, it proceeds to the combat. raising its tail, and turning its back to the serpent, it receives its stings, which are inflicted to no purpose, until at last, turning its head sideways, and viewing its enemy, it seizes it by the throat. not content, however, with this victory, it conquers another creature, the crocodile, which is no less dangerous.