life figures itself to me as a festal or funereal procession. all of us have our places, and are to move onward under the direction of the chief marshal. the grand difficulty results from the invariably mistaken principles on which the deputy marshals seek to arrange this immense concourse of people, so much more numerous than those that train their interminable length through streets and highways in times of political excitement. their scheme is ancient, far beyond the memory of man or even the record of history, and has hitherto been very little modified by the innate sense of something wrong, and the dim perception of better methods, that have disquieted all the ages through which the procession has taken its march. its members are classified by the merest external circumstances, and thus are more certain to be thrown out of their true positions than if no principle of arrangement were attempted. in one part of the procession we see men of landed estate or moneyed capital gravely keeping each other company, for the preposterous reason that they chance to have a similar standing in the tax-gatherer’s book. trades and professions march together with scarcely a more real bond of union. in this manner, it cannot be denied, people are disentangled from the mass and separated into various classes according to certain apparent relations; all have some artificial badge which the world, and themselves among the first, learn to consider as a genuine characteristic. fixing our attention on such outside shows of similarity or difference, we lose sight of those realities by which nature, fortune, fate, or providence has constituted for every man a brotherhood, wherein it is one great office of human wisdom to classify him. when the mind has once accustomed itself to a proper arrangement of the procession of life, or a true classification of society, even though merely speculative, there is thenceforth a satisfaction which pretty well suffices for itself without the aid of any actual reformation in the order of march.

for instance, assuming to myself the power of marshalling the aforesaid procession, i direct a trumpeter to send forth a blast loud enough to be heard from hence to china; and a herald, with world-pervading voice, to make proclamation for a certain class of mortals to take their places. what shall be their principle of union? after all, an external one, in comparison with many that might be found, yet far more real than those which the world has selected for a similar purpose. let all who are afflicted with like physical diseases form themselves into ranks.

our first attempt at classification is not very successful. it may gratify the pride of aristocracy to reflect that disease, more than any other circumstance of human life, pays due observance to the distinctions which rank and wealth, and poverty and lowliness, have established among mankind. some maladies are rich and precious, and only to be acquired by the right of inheritance or purchased with gold. of this kind is the gout, which serves as a bond of brotherhood to the purple-visaged gentry, who obey the herald’s voice, and painfully hobble from all civilized regions of the globe to take their post in the grand procession. in mercy to their toes, let us hope that the march may not be long. the dyspeptics, too, are people of good standing in the world. for them the earliest salmon is caught in our eastern rivers, and the shy woodcock stains the dry leaves with his blood in his remotest haunts, and the turtle comes from the far pacific islands to be gobbled up in soup. they can afford to flavor all their dishes with indolence, which, in spite of the general opinion, is a sauce more exquisitely piquant than appetite won by exercise. apoplexy is another highly respectable disease. we will rank together all who have the symptom of dizziness in the brain, and as fast as any drop by the way supply their places with new members of the board of aldermen.

on the other hand, here come whole tribes of people whose physical lives are but a deteriorated variety of life, and themselves a meaner species of mankind; so sad an effect has been wrought by the tainted breath of cities, scanty and unwholesome food, destructive modes of labor, and the lack of those moral supports that might partially have counteracted such bad influences. behold here a train of house painters, all afflicted with a peculiar sort of colic. next in place we will marshal those workmen in cutlery, who have breathed a fatal disorder into their lungs with the impalpable dust of steel. tailors and shoemakers, being sedentary men, will chiefly congregate into one part of the procession and march under similar banners of disease; but among them we may observe here and there a sickly student, who has left his health between the leaves of classic volumes; and clerks, likewise, who have caught their deaths on high official stools; and men of genius too, who have written sheet after sheet with pens dipped in their heart’s blood. these are a wretched quaking, short-breathed set. but what is this cloud of pale-cheeked, slender girls, who disturb the ear with the multiplicity of their short, dry coughs? they are seamstresses, who have plied the daily and nightly needle in the service of master tailors and close-fisted contractors, until now it is almost time for each to hem the borders of her own shroud. consumption points their place in the procession. with their sad sisterhood are intermingled many youthful maidens who have sickened in aristocratic mansions, and for whose aid science has unavailingly searched its volumes, and whom breathless love has watched. in our ranks the rich maiden and the poor seamstress may walk arm in arm. we might find innumerable other instances, where the bond of mutual disease — not to speak of nation-sweeping pestilence — embraces high and low, and makes the king a brother of the clown. but it is not hard to own that disease is the natural aristocrat. let him keep his state, and have his established orders of rank, and wear his royal mantle of the color of a fever flush and let the noble and wealthy boast their own physical infirmities, and display their symptoms as the badges of high station. all things considered, these are as proper subjects of human pride as any relations of human rank that men can fix upon.

sound again, thou deep-breathed trumpeter! and herald, with thy voice of might, shout forth another summons that shall reach the old baronial castles of europe, and the rudest cabin of our western wilderness! what class is next to take its place in the procession of mortal life? let it be those whom the gifts of intellect have united in a noble brotherhood.

ay, this is a reality, before which the conventional distinctions of society melt away like a vapor when we would grasp it with the hand. were byron now alive, and burns, the first would come from his ancestral abbey, flinging aside, although unwillingly, the inherited honors of a thousand years, to take the arm of the mighty peasant who grew immortal while he stooped behind his plough. these are gone; but the hall, the farmer’s fireside, the hut, perhaps the palace, the counting-room, the workshop, the village, the city, life’s high places and low ones, may all produce their poets, whom a common temperament pervades like an electric sympathy. peer or ploughman, we will muster them pair by pair and shoulder to shoulder. even society, in its most artificial state, consents to this arrangement. these factory girls from lowell shall mate themselves with the pride of drawing-rooms and literary circles, the bluebells in fashion’s nosegay, the sapphos, and montagues, and nortons of the age. other modes of intellect bring together as strange companies. silk-gowned professor of languages, give your arm to this sturdy blacksmith, and deem yourself honored by the conjunction, though you behold him grimy from the anvil. all varieties of human speech are like his mother tongue to this rare man. indiscriminately let those take their places, of whatever rank they come, who possess the kingly gifts to lead armies or to sway a people — nature’s generals, her lawgivers, her kings, and with them also the deep philosophers who think the thought in one generation that is to revolutionize society in the next. with the hereditary legislator in whom eloquence is a far-descended attainment — a rich echo repeated by powerful voices from cicero downward — we will match some wondrous backwoodsman, who has caught a wild power of language from the breeze among his native forest boughs. but we may safely leave these brethren and sisterhood to settle their own congenialities. our ordinary distinctions become so trifling, so impalpable, so ridiculously visionary, in comparison with a classification founded on truth, that all talk about the matter is immediately a common place.

yet the longer i reflect the less am i satisfied with the idea of forming a separate class of mankind on the basis of high intellectual power. at best it is but a higher development of innate gifts common to all. perhaps, moreover, he whose genius appears deepest and truest excels his fellows in nothing save the knack of expression; he throws out occasionally a lucky hint at truths of which every human soul is profoundly, though unutterably, conscious. therefore, though we suffer the brotherhood of intellect to march onward together, it may be doubted whether their peculiar relation will not begin to vanish as soon as the procession shall have passed beyond the circle of this present world. but we do not classify for eternity.

and next, let the trumpet pour forth a funereal wail, and the herald’s voice give breath in one vast cry to all the groans and grievous utterances that are audible throughout the earth. we appeal now to the sacred bond of sorrow, and summon the great multitude who labor under similar afflictions to take their places in the march.

how many a heart that would have been insensible to any other call has responded to the doleful accents of that voice! it has gone far and wide, and high and low, and left scarcely a mortal roof unvisited. indeed, the principle is only too universal for our purpose, and, unless we limit it, will quite break up our classification of mankind, and convert the whole procession into a funeral train. we will therefore be at some pains to discriminate. here comes a lonely rich man: he has built a noble fabric for his dwelling-house, with a front of stately architecture and marble floors and doors of precious woods; the whole structure is as beautiful as a dream and as substantial as the native rock. but the visionary shapes of a long posterity, for whose home this mansion was intended, have faded into nothingness since the death of the founder’s only son. the rich man gives a glance at his sable garb in one of the splendid mirrors of his drawing-room, and descending a flight of lofty steps instinctively offers his arm to yonder poverty stricken widow in the rusty black bonnet, and with a check apron over her patched gown. the sailor boy, who was her sole earthly stay, was washed overboard in a late tempest. this couple from the palace and the almshouse are but the types of thousands more who represent the dark tragedy of life and seldom quarrel for the upper parts. grief is such a leveller, with its own dignity and its own humility, that the noble and the peasant, the beggar and the monarch, will waive their pretensions to external rank without the officiousness of interference on our part. if pride — the influence of the world’s false distinctions — remain in the heart, then sorrow lacks the earnestness which makes it holy and reverend. it loses its reality and becomes a miserable shadow. on this ground we have an opportunity to assign over multitudes who would willingly claim places here to other parts of the procession. if the mourner have anything dearer than his grief he must seek his true position elsewhere. there are so many unsubstantial sorrows which the necessity of our mortal state begets on idleness, that an observer, casting aside sentiment, is sometimes led to question whether there be any real woe, except absolute physical suffering and the loss of closest friends. a crowd who exhibit what they deem to be broken hearts — and among them many lovelorn maids and bachelors, and men of disappointed ambition in arts or politics, and the poor who were once rich, or who have sought to be rich in vain — the great majority of these may ask admittance into some other fraternity. there is no room here. perhaps we may institute a separate class where such unfortunates will naturally fall into the procession. meanwhile let them stand aside and patiently await their time.

if our trumpeter can borrow a note from the doomsday trumpet blast, let him sound it now. the dread alarum should make the earth quake to its centre, for the herald is about to address mankind with a summons to which even the purest mortal may be sensible of some faint responding echo in his breast. in many bosoms it will awaken a still small voice more terrible than its own reverberating uproar.

the hideous appeal has swept around the globe. come, all ye guilty ones, and rank yourselves in accordance with the brotherhood of crime. this, indeed, is an awful summons. i almost tremble to look at the strange partnerships that begin to be formed, reluctantly, but by the in vincible necessity of like to like in this part of the procession. a forger from the state prison seizes the arm of a distinguished financier. how indignantly does the latter plead his fair reputation upon ‘change, and insist that his operations, by their magnificence of scope, were removed into quite another sphere of morality than those of his pitiful companion! but let him cut the connection if he can. here comes a murderer with his clanking chains, and pairs himself — horrible to tell — with as pure and upright a man, in all observable respects, as ever partook of the consecrated bread and wine. he is one of those, perchance the most hopeless of all sinners, who practise such an exemplary system of outward duties, that even a deadly crime may be hidden from their own sight and remembrance, under this unreal frostwork. yet he now finds his place. why do that pair of flaunting girls, with the pert, affected laugh and the sly leer at the by-standers, intrude themselves into the same rank with yonder decorous matron, and that somewhat prudish maiden? surely these poor creatures, born to vice as their sole and natural inheritance, can be no fit associates for women who have been guarded round about by all the proprieties of domestic life, and who could not err unless they first created the opportunity. oh no; it must be merely the impertinence of those unblushing hussies; and we can only wonder how such respectable ladies should have responded to a summons that was not meant for them.

we shall make short work of this miserable class, each member of which is entitled to grasp any other member’s hand, by that vile degradation wherein guilty error has buried all alike. the foul fiend to whom it properly belongs must relieve us of our loathsome task. let the bond servants of sin pass on. but neither man nor woman, in whom good predominates, will smile or sneer, nor bid the rogues’ march be played, in derision of their array. feeling within their breasts a shuddering sympathy, which at least gives token of the sin that might have been, they will thank god for any place in the grand procession of human existence, save among those most wretched ones. many, however, will be astonished at the fatal impulse that drags them thitherward. nothing is more remarkable than the various deceptions by which guilt conceals itself from the perpetrator’s conscience, and oftenest, perhaps, by the splendor of its garments. statesmen, rulers, generals, and all men who act over an extensive sphere, are most liable to be deluded in this way; they commit wrong, devastation, and murder, on so grand a scale, that it impresses them as speculative rather than actual; but in our procession we find them linked in detestable conjunction with the meanest criminals whose deeds have the vulgarity of petty details. here the effect of circumstance and accident is done away, and a man finds his rank according to the spirit of his crime, in whatever shape it may have been developed.

we have called the evil; now let us call the good. the trumpet’s brazen throat should pour heavenly music over the earth, and the herald’s voice go forth with the sweetness of an angel’s accents, as if to summon each upright man to his reward. but how is this? does none answer to the call? not one: for the just, the pure, the true, and an who might most worthily obey it, shrink sadly back, as most conscious of error and imperfection. then let the summons be to those whose pervading principle is love. this classification will embrace all the truly good, and none in whose souls there exists not something that may expand itself into a heaven, both of well-doing and felicity.

the first that presents himself is a man of wealth, who has bequeathed the bulk of his property to a hospital; his ghost, methinks, would have a better right here than his living body. but here they come, the genuine benefactors of their race. some have wandered about the earth with pictures of bliss in their imagination, and with hearts that shrank sensitively from the idea of pain and woe, yet have studied all varieties of misery that human nature can endure. the prison, the insane asylum, the squalid chamber of the almshouse, the manufactory where the demon of machinery annihilates the human soul, and the cotton field where god’s image becomes a beast of burden; to these and every other scene where man wrongs or neglects his brother, the apostles of humanity have penetrated. this missionary, black with india’s burning sunshine, shall give his arm to a pale-faced brother who has made himself familiar with the infected alleys and loathsome haunts of vice in one of our own cities. the generous founder of a college shall be the partner of a maiden lady of narrow substance, one of whose good deeds it has been to gather a little school of orphan children. if the mighty merchant whose benefactions are reckoned by thousands of dollars deem himself worthy, let him join the procession with her whose love has proved itself by watchings at the sick-bed, and all those lowly offices which bring her into actual contact with disease and wretchedness. and with those whose impulses have guided them to benevolent actions, we will rank others to whom providence has assigned a different tendency and different powers. men who have spent their lives in generous and holy contemplation for the human race; those who, by a certain heavenliness of spirit, have purified the atmosphere around them, and thus supplied a medium in which good and high things may be projected and performed — give to these a lofty place among the benefactors of mankind, although no deed, such as the world calls deeds, may be recorded of them. there are some individuals of whom we cannot conceive it proper that they should apply their hands to any earthly instrument, or work out any definite act; and others, perhaps not less high, to whom it is an essential attribute to labor in body as well as spirit for the welfare of their brethren. thus, if we find a spiritual sage whose unseen, inestimable influence has exalted the moral standard of mankind, we will choose for his companion some poor laborer who has wrought for love in the potato field of a neighbor poorer than himself.

we have summoned this various multitude — and, to the credit of our nature, it is a large one — on the principle of love. it is singular, nevertheless, to remark the shyness that exists among many members of the present class, all of whom we might expect to recognize one another by the freemasonry of mutual goodness, and to embrace like brethren, giving god thanks for such various specimens of human excellence. but it is far otherwise. each sect surrounds its own righteousness with a hedge of thorns. it is difficult for the good christian to acknowledge the good pagan; almost impossible for the good orthodox to grasp the hand of the good unitarian, leaving to their creator to settle the matters in dispute, and giving their mutual efforts strongly and trustingly to whatever right thing is too evident to be mistaken. then again, though the heart be large, yet the mind is often of such moderate dimensions as to be exclusively filled up with one idea. when a good man has long devoted himself to a particular kind of beneficence — to one species of reform — he is apt to become narrowed into the limits of the path wherein he treads, and to fancy that there is no other good to be done on earth but that self-same good to which he has put his hand, and in the very mode that best suits his own conceptions. all else is worthless. his scheme must be wrought out by the united strength of the whole world’s stock of love, or the world is no longer worthy of a position in the universe. moreover, powerful truth, being the rich grape juice expressed from the vineyard of the ages, has an intoxicating quality, when imbibed by any save a powerful intellect, and often, as it were, impels the quaffer to quarrel in his cups. for such reasons, strange to say, it is harder to contrive a friendly arrangement of these brethren of love and righteousness, in the procession of life, than to unite even the wicked, who, indeed, are chained together by their crimes. the fact is too preposterous for tears, too lugubrious for laughter.

but, let good men push and elbow one another as they may during their earthly march, all will be peace among them when the honorable array or their procession shall tread on heavenly ground. there they will doubtless find that they have been working each for the other’s cause, and that every well-delivered stroke, which, with an honest purpose any mortal struck, even for a narrow object, was indeed stricken for the universal cause of good. their own view may be bounded by country, creed, profession, the diversities of individual character — but above them all is the breadth of providence. how many who have deemed themselves antagonists will smile hereafter, when they look back upon the world’s wide harvest field, and perceive that, in unconscious brotherhood, they were helping to bind the selfsame sheaf!

but, come! the sun is hastening westward, while the march of human life, that never paused before, is delayed by our attempt to rearrange its order. it is desirable to find some comprehensive principle, that shall render our task easier by bringing thousands into the ranks where hitherto we have brought one. therefore let the trumpet, if possible, split its brazen throat with a louder note than ever, and the herald summon all mortals, who, from whatever cause, have lost, or never found, their proper places in the wold.

obedient to this call, a great multitude come together, most of them with a listless gait, betokening weariness of soul, yet with a gleam of satisfaction in their faces, at a prospect of at length reaching those positions which, hitherto, they have vainly sought. but here will be another disappointment; for we can attempt no more than merely to associate in one fraternity all who are afflicted with the same vague trouble. some great mistake in life is the chief condition of admittance into this class. here are members of the learned professions, whom providence endowed with special gifts for the plough, the forge, and the wheelbarrow, or for the routine of unintellectual business. we will assign to them, as partners in the march, those lowly laborers and handicraftsmen, who have pined, as with a dying thirst, after the unattainable fountains of knowledge. the latter have lost less than their companions; yet more, because they deem it infinite. perchance the two species of unfortunates may comfort one another. here are quakers with the instinct of battle in them; and men of war who should have worn the broad brim. authors shall be ranked here whom some freak of nature, making game of her poor children, had imbued with the confidence of genius and strong desire of fame, but has favored with no corresponding power; and others, whose lofty gifts were unaccompanied with the faculty of expression, or any of that earthly machinery by which ethereal endowments must be manifested to mankind. all these, therefore, are melancholy laughing-stocks. next, here are honest and well intentioned persons, who by a want of tact — by inaccurate perceptions — by a distorting imagination — have been kept continually at cross purposes with the world and bewildered upon the path of life. let us see if they can confine themselves within the line of our procession. in this class, likewise, we must assign places to those who have encountered that worst of ill success, a higher fortune than their abilities could vindicate; writers, actors, painters, the pets of a day, but whose laurels wither unrenewed amid their hoary hair; politicians, whom some malicious contingency of affairs has thrust into conspicuous station, where, while the world stands gazing at them, the dreary consciousness of imbecility makes them curse their birth hour. to such men, we give for a companion him whose rare talents, which perhaps require a revolution for their exercise, are buried in the tomb of sluggish circumstances.

not far from these, we must find room for one whose success has been of the wrong kind; the man who should have lingered in the cloisters of a university, digging new treasures out of the herculaneum of antique lore, diffusing depth and accuracy of literature throughout his country, and thus making for himself a great and quiet fame. but the outward tendencies around him have proved too powerful for his inward nature, and have drawn him into the arena of political tumult, there to contend at disadvantage, whether front to front, or side by side, with the brawny giants of actual life. he becomes, it may be, a name for brawling parties to bandy to and fro, a legislator of the union; a governor of his native state; an ambassador to the courts of kings or queens; and the world may deem him a man of happy stars. but not so the wise; and not so himself, when he looks through his experience, and sighs to miss that fitness, the one invaluable touch which makes all things true and real. so much achieved, yet how abortive is his life! whom shall we choose for his companion? some weak framed blacksmith, perhaps, whose delicacy of muscle might have suited a tailor’s shopboard better than the anvil.

shall we bid the trumpet sound again? it is hardly worth the while. there remain a few idle men of fortune, tavern and grog-shop loungers, lazzaroni, old bachelors, decaying maidens, and people of crooked intellect or temper, all of whom may find their like, or some tolerable approach to it, in the plentiful diversity of our latter class. there too, as his ultimate destiny, must we rank the dreamer, who, all his life long, has cherished the idea that he was peculiarly apt for something, but never could determine what it was; and there the most unfortunate of men, whose purpose it has been to enjoy life’s pleasures, but to avoid a manful struggle with its toil and sorrow. the remainder, if any, may connect themselves with whatever rank of the procession they shall find best adapted to their tastes and consciences. the worst possible fate would be to remain behind, shivering in the solitude of time, while all the world is on the move towards eternity. our attempt to classify society is now complete. the result may be anything but perfect; yet better — to give it the very lowest praise — than the antique rule of the herald’s office, or the modern one of the tax-gatherer, whereby the accidents and superficial attributes with which the real nature of individuals has least to do, are acted upon as the deepest characteristics of mankind. our task is done! now let the grand procession move!

yet pause a while! we had forgotten the chief marshal.

hark! that world-wide swell of solemn music, with the clang of a mighty bell breaking forth through its regulated uproar, announces his approach. he comes; a severe, sedate, immovable, dark rider, waving his truncheon of universal sway, as he passes along the lengthened line, on the pale horse of the revelation. it is death! who else could assume the guidance of a procession that comprehends all humanity? and if some, among these many millions, should deem themselves classed amiss, yet let them take to their hearts the comfortable truth that death levels us all into one great brotherhood, and that another state of being will surely rectify the wrong of this. then breathe thy wail upon the earth’s wailing wind, thou band of melancholy music, made up of every sigh that the human heart, unsatisfied, has uttered! there is yet triumph in thy tones. and now we move! beggars in their rags, and kings trailing the regal purple in the dust; the warrior’s gleaming helmet; the priest in his sable robe; the hoary grandsire, who has run life’s circle and come back to childhood; the ruddy school-boy with his golden curls, frisking along the march; the artisan’s stuff jacket; the noble’s star-decorated coat; — the whole presenting a motley spectacle, yet with a dusky grandeur brooding over it. onward, onward, into that dimness where the lights of time which have blazed along the procession, are flickering in their sockets! and whither! we know not; and death, hitherto our leader, deserts us by the wayside, as the tramp of our innumerable footsteps echoes beyond his sphere. he knows not, more than we, our destined goal. but god, who made us, knows, and will not leave us on our toilsome and doubtful march, either to wander in infinite uncertainty, or perish by the way!