introductory remarks—birth—early days at the diggings—unlicensed diggers—attacked by fever—keeping a store.
when narrating to friendly audiences my experiences in the early days of the colony of victoria in what may be termed the "gold era," and some of the various incidents which occurred during my connection with the victorian police, i have often been asked to give the records of them a more permanent form. after hesitating long, i have listened to those promptings, and, greatly daring, have ventured to address a wider range of hearers. i claim no more than to tell a plain, unvarnished tale, recalling from the reminiscences stored within my mind, events and incidents of by-gone days. perhaps had i written down the facts while the events were still fresh, i might have been able to put more spirit into my narrative, but my aim has been to keep within the record, to extenuate nothing, nor to set down aught in malice. i have endeavoured to refrain from mentioning names of private persons as much as possible, but, where i have found myself compelled to do so, i trust my references will raise no unkindly feelings.
unfortunately, after the destruction of the kelly gang, unpleasant feelings and jealousies sprang up between different officers engaged in the search, and interested persons kept adding fuel to the fire. in writing this account of the capture and destruction of the last of the victorian bushrangers, i have endeavoured to avoid locating the blame for the various unsuccessful attempts. we had a difficult task before us, and i feel sure each of us spared no effort to do his duty, though in thus acting all of us, no doubt, committed errors of judgment. in a matter of this kind every one has a right to his own opinion, and none but those who underwent the hardships we did can have any idea of our sufferings during the months we were in pursuit of the outlaws.
it seems hardly possible to imagine that ten years ago a field-gun was being dragged up collins street, melbourne, to blow down an hotel, which practically was little more than a wooden hut, within two hundred yards of one of the principal stations on the main line of railway between melbourne and sydney, as the last resource for the capture of four men, who for the previous two years had set law, order, the government, and police at absolute defiance.
nor is it much more easy of credence that the capture of this gang should have cost the state, from first to last, over ￡115,000. and yet these are facts which cannot be controverted.
the first feeling that will arise in the minds of english people on reading this, will be one of wonder. how came it that four men should have been able for two years to carry on their career of crime unchecked? and what were the police doing? the police, and i speak from actual knowledge, were doing their "level best." a reward of ￡8,000 was offered for the capture of the men, dead or alive, and there was kudos and promotion to be gained. but there were peculiar difficulties connected with this undertaking, difficulties which could arise in no other country. firstly, it must be remembered that these men were natives of, and were brought up in, the district in which they carried on their depredations; they knew every inch of the ground, bushes, and mountains; they had hiding-places and retreats known to few, if any, but themselves, and they were acquainted with every track and by-path. secondly, the sparseness of the population outside the towns must be taken into consideration. these men might commit an act of violence in a town, and disappear into the bush, where they might, with the knowledge of the locality at their command, ride hundreds of miles without coming near a dwelling-house, or meeting a human being, and thus obliterate all traces of themselves for the time being; and lastly—what aided them more than anything else—they commanded an enormous amount of sympathy among the lower orders. it was a well-known fact that they had friends and adherents, either open or semi-veiled, all over the colony. the families of the kellys, hart, and byrne were large ones, and members of them were to be found scattered over all the district ever ready to provide asylum, or furnish information as to the movements of the police. and outside their own families the sympathy they obtained was almost as great, though it was of a more meretricious order. the gang was lavish with its money. they subsidized largely, instituting a body of spies known by the name of "bush telegraphs," who kept them fully informed of every movement of the authorities, and aided them on every possible occasion to elude capture.
and apart from this money consideration there was a further one, which appealed quite as effectively to their humble admirers. the gang never behaved badly to, or assaulted, a woman, but always treated them with consideration and respect, although frequently compelled by the exigencies of the situation to put them to considerable inconvenience. in like manner they seldom, if ever, made a victim of a poor man. and thus they weaved a certain halo of romance and rough chivalry around themselves, which was worth a good deal to them, much in the same way as did the british highwayman during the last century.
and now, with these few necessary words of explanation and introduction, let me get at once to my story, and the events which led to my being connected with the capture of the last of the bushrangers.
i was born at the cape of good hope, at a small village called wynberg, about eight miles from cape town, and near the celebrated vineyards of constantia. i was the youngest son of a family of seventeen! my father was a captain in the 21st dragoons. the whole of his regiment was disbanded at the cape; all the officers settled down amongst the dutch inhabitants, and nearly all of us were born at wynberg. when i left school i joined a brother who had a sheep farm, with which he combined horse-breeding and agriculture. after i had been on the station four or five years, i disliked the life so much that i was persuaded to emigrate to australia. i arrived in melbourne on 10th april, 1852, about six months after gold had been discovered. i did not know a soul out there then, and after a short time went on to sydney, where i found a few people to whom i had letters of introduction.
after staying in sydney a few months i returned to melbourne with two mates whom i had picked up there, one a fellow-passenger i met going to sydney. the voyage lasted seventeen days. my other mate was a runaway convict from norfolk island. he had been employed as workman and gardener in my other mate's family, and was a very hard-working old scoundrel. melbourne at this time was a place to be remembered; the scenes that occurred in the streets and in the hotels would hardly be credited. the principal objects throughout the day to be seen in collins and bourke streets were wedding-parties. diggers used to come from the diggings with pounds' weight of gold, for the purpose, as they called it, of "knocking it down," and they managed to do this in a marvellously short space of time. you would hear of a man calling for two or three dozen of champagne (￡1 per bottle), throwing it into a tub, and having a bath in it. again, men would call for two slices of bread, put a ten-pound note between them, and eat the note and bread as a sandwich. hardly a day passed without seeing six or seven wedding-parties driving up and down collins street, dressed in most gorgeous attire. it was said the same women were married to different men over and over again. when the man had spent all his money he would go back to the diggings to make another "pile," and when he had made it he would return to melbourne. in those days there were no hotels, theatres, or places of amusement on the diggings, and any one who wanted any enjoyment had to run down to melbourne. gold was easily got—a man had only to sink a hole from four to twenty feet deep, and if he was on the "lead," the probabilities were he would get some pounds' weight of gold. at this time it was most difficult to secure any accommodation in melbourne. you might offer any sum of money you thought fit, and yet not procure a corner to sleep in. i happened to get a bed at hockin's hotel, at the corner of lonsdale and elizabeth streets. i was awakened in the night hearing some one who was being garroted calling out for help; but help there was none. the colony was infested with convicts from the other colonies, and the most daring robberies in the streets of melbourne were of nightly occurrence.
my two mates and i started with our swags on our backs from melbourne to bendigo, and camped out all the way up. the roads were very bad, and it was impossible to get a conveyance, so we humped our swags. as we went we joined in with large parties of men, all bound in the same direction as we were, for the purpose of our mutual safety. all along the road we heard of gangs of bushrangers sticking up parties of men. the dreaded spot on the road was the black forest, between gisborne and woodend. having passed that we were tolerably safe. it took us eight days to reach bendigo, and we pitched our tents on golden gully. our first duty was to take out a licence to dig for gold, which cost us 30s. each, and then to sink a hole, which we bottomed, and took two or three ounces of gold. we then sank another, but were not so successful. about this time a new rush broke out at a place not far from golden gully, called kangaroo flat. we left our tent pitched in the same place, and went off to peg out a piece of ground, and set to work to sink a hole. this we bottomed, but it was also a "shicer." we sank another, and found it a little better, and got a few ounces out of it. all the diggers were very unsettled. it was the general belief that a mountain of gold would be discovered, and every one was anxious to be first in the rush, so as to mark out a portion of the mountain. rumours of new finds frequently reached us, but those that were far off always appeared the most attractive somehow.
i must give some idea of the life on the diggings in those days. the parties consisted of from three to six men. one had to cook for the week, turn about. the leads of gold were always found in the gullies, and on each side of these gullies the diggers pitched their tents. every party was provided with fire-arms, and at night it was the custom to fire off and reload them after dark. it was a peculiar sight to see the fires lighted all round each tent, and the diggers sitting about, and many of them having lighted candles as well. bendigo in those days consisted of an irregular number of stores and tents erected where sandhurst is now built. my ex-convict mate turned out to be an excellent workman, and would do anything for me. he always volunteered to undertake my part of the cooking, and was famous for his "damper," which was baked in the ashes. as there were no bakers in those days we had to bake our own bread. there was a quartz reef in ironbark gully, at the back of bendigo. on sundays we went there with a hammer and broke off a handkerchief full of specimens, which were quartz covered with gold. this reef belonged to no one, and any one might have taken possession of it. quartz-crushing was unknown in those days, and i believe since then this same reef has yielded several hundred thousand pounds' worth of gold.
after staying at bendigo for a month or so we heard of a new rush at the ovens. so off we started to try our luck. the distance was great, but that only lent all the greater charm to our prospects. we had engaged a dray to carry up our swags, and were to have started off on a certain day, but owing to some reason we were delayed; so, being of an active disposition, i started off to a little gully by myself to prospect it. i took with me my pick, shovel, and tin dish; it was not 200 yards from my tent. in the evening i returned to my mates with ten ounces of gold. we held a consultation as to whether we should remain or go to the ovens, and, i regret to say, we decided to leave bendigo and the new claim i had discovered, and go to the ovens. accordingly off we started, early next morning. it took us ten days to get to beechworth, but being a large party we had a jolly trip. we arrived at read's creek—a few miles below spring creek, as it was called in those days, but now known as beechworth—a few days before christmas, 1852.
the first thing, we set to work to make our christmas dinner—i remember it as though it were yesterday. i bought the materials for a plum pudding; for a dozen of eggs i gave ￡1. i forget the prices of the raisins, &c., but i shall never forget the pudding! we boiled it for twenty-four hours!—it took us a week to digest—it was as hard as a cannon-ball!—it lasted a long time, and was something to remember! when we arrived at read's creek we found it in a most excited state. the diggers were up in arms against the government officials, and whenever a policeman or any other government servant was seen they raised a cry of "joe-joe." i never heard the origin of the word. the cause of this excitement was in consequence of a digger having been accidentally shot by a policeman, as he was obeying some order of a warden who was settling a dispute.
it appeared that the warden had directed an armed policeman to eject a man from a claim, and in stepping down he slipped, and his carbine accidentally went off, killing a digger who was standing on the bank of the claim. there was a general muster of the diggers immediately, and they hunted the warden and policeman off the ground, pelting them with stones, and for some weeks no official was to be seen on these diggings. my party happened to arrive at read's creek a few days after the accident had happened. the diggings at spring creek were quite different to bendigo. the ground was very wet, and we sank what we called paddocks. the sinking was not more than twelve to fifteen feet deep, and the paddocks generally twelve feet by twelve feet. not only did we find gold there, but large quantities of tin, in the shape of black sand, which was allowed to run down the creek. eventually this black sand was collected, and as it was very valuable, large quantities were sent to melbourne.
after working about a month at read's creek, a new rush was started at the head of spring creek, which was called "madman's gully." we started off there. by this time we had learned enough to know the best place to mark out a claim, and certainly found the richest hole we had yet had. the sinking was about fifteen or twenty feet, but gold was seen in a vein running through the wash-dirt. i used to pick out a match-box full of nuggets every day. i forget the exact quantity of gold we got out of it, but my own share came to more than ￡800 after the gold was sold.
we got very tired of paying thirty shillings a month for our licences, and only took out one licence between the three of us, trusting to chance to avoid the police when they were out digger-hunting. i remember on one occasion having great difficulty in doing so, and giving them a great chase after me. we had only the one licence, and suddenly found ourselves surrounded by a large body of police. i saw them observing us. i had the licence in my pocket. my mates had none. so off i started across the diggings to a hill on the side of the lead. my two mates stood where they were. the police, seeing me endeavouring to hide from them behind some rocks, tried to follow me; but their horses were unable to face the rocks. they all came after me, and in about ten minutes i was overtaken. the man who caught me demanded my licence, and i quietly produced it from my pocket. they asked me why i had run away. i answered, i was always afraid when i saw a policeman. in the meantime, my two mates, who had no licences, escaped, and we got off that month. the next month i was walking into spring creek with one of my mates, having left the other man with the licence behind. suddenly the police were on us, before we could make an escape; they immediately demanded our licences. we made some excuse about not being able to pay for them, so we were handcuffed, and made to march back, whilst other non-licensed diggers were searched for. none were found, and when about four miles from the spring creek camp our captors asked us if we would promise to take out our licences if they let us go. we said yes. the handcuffs were taken off, and we were allowed to go free. i could give many instances of the iniquitous law of arresting diggers because they had not taken out a licence; but i have given two instances of my personal experience.
our clothes were washed in a very simple manner. a flannel shirt lasted a week, and when washing-day arrived was tied to a root of a tree in the creek and left there for three or four days, then hung out to dry. we remained at these diggings for about three months. i was then attacked by a low fever and was gradually becoming weaker and weaker every day, until the doctor at last suggested i should leave the diggings and go to sydney. i was terribly weak, not being able to walk more than a yard, so my mates found a dray bound for wangaratta, and put me on top of the load that was going to town. the shaking of the dray was fearful. however, we arrived that night at a place called tarrawingee, about ten miles from spring creek. the weather was very warm, and we camped under a fine tree. the draymen on the roads in those days had great difficulty to prevent their horses being stolen, and the unfortunate men, after driving all day, had to watch half the night to protect their horses. at daybreak the drayman got up and made some tea. he offered me some, but i could neither eat nor drink, so he left me to get his horses, not returning till late in the afternoon.
whilst under that tree a circumstance occurred i shall never forget. after the drayman left me a crow took up a position on a branch near me. and as the day wore on closer and closer he approached me, calling out unceasingly, "caw, caw," as i thought to encourage other crows to come to a feast. as he became bolder i got in a terrible fright that my eyes would be eaten out before i died. so i exerted myself to drive him away, but he seemed to know i was too weak to do him any harm. at last i worked myself up to such a state that i forgot my illness and only thought of "going for" the crow, and i kept him off until the drayman returned. from that hour i improved. the next day we reached wangaratta, where i remained a few days, until i was strong enough to bear a journey in the two-wheeled dog-cart, or mail cart, the only conveyance running in those days. i fastened a strap round my waist, sat with my back to the horses, and so went down to sydney. my two mates soon afterwards dissolved partnership, and i never saw the escaped convict again.
after remaining in sydney some three or four months, i met a cousin of mine, a colonel butterworth, who was the governor of singapore. he had come from singapore, and advised me to get some settled employment, and as i knew no one in melbourne, he promised to do his best for me. if i came with him to melbourne, he thought he might be able to get me into the government service. i said i would prefer a cadetship in the victorian police, as i was anxious to go in pursuit of bushrangers who were overrunning the colony.
i accompanied my cousin to melbourne, but when he reached queenscliff, he found a steamer going to hobart town, where he had left his wife, so he gave me letters to mr. mitchell and mr. latrobe. however, i got no satisfaction from either of them, so i went off to the warranga diggings again, falling in with a mr. g.d. m'cormick, a native of canada, and we agreed to be mates and work together. i must mention an extraordinary coincidence with regard to m'cormick. he was born in canada; i at the cape of good hope. he was born on the 4th october, 1830; so was i. we parted from each other for many years, and in 1882 we were both appointed police magistrates for the colony of victoria.
i met a man from the cape there who had opened a store, a mr. barn (my father used to buy his snuff from his father at the cape), and we used to sleep in the store for his protection. at that time i got an insight as to how grog was brought to the diggings (it was prohibited in those days). flour was imported from america in barrels; and when it reached melbourne a two-gallon keg of spirits was put in the centre of the flour, and the barrel with its double load was sent off to the diggings. the fine for having spirits in your possession was ￡50, and all the liquor confiscated. my cape friend, wishing to pay a visit to melbourne, asked me to take charge of the store during his absence. i did so, and served out tea and sugar to his customers, bought gold, and carried on the business for over a fortnight. my mate and i barely got enough gold to pay our expenses. i found the store-keeping a much pleasanter occupation.
about three months after i had been at warranga i received a letter from my cousin, telling me he had seen mr. mitchell, the chief commissioner of police, and he had given me a commission in the mounted police. i lost no time, and called on mr. mitchell (afterwards sir william h.f. mitchell), and he appointed me lieutenant in the victorian police, 1st january, 1854.
