on the 10th of july, 1584, a deep gloom was cast over all holland and england, by the assassination of the prince of orange. many attempts had been made upon his life by paid agents of the king of spain. one had been nearly successful, and the prince had lain for weeks almost at the point of death. at last the hatred of philip and parma gained its end, and the prince fell a victim to the bullet of an assassin, who came before him disguised as a petitioner. his murderer was captured, and put to death with horrible tortures, boasting of his crime to the last. it was proved beyond all question that he, as well as the authors of the previous attempts, was acting at the instigation of the spanish authorities, and had been promised vast sums in the event of his success.
thus died the greatest statesman of his age; a pure patriot, a disinterested politician, a great orator, a man possessing at once immense talent, unbounded perseverance, a fortitude under misfortunes beyond proof, and an unshakeable faith in god. but terrible as was the blow to the netherlands, it failed to have the effect which its instigators had hoped from it. on the very day of the murder the estates of holland, then sitting at delft, passed a resolution "to maintain the good cause, with god's help, to the uttermost, without sparing gold or blood." the prince's eldest son had been kidnapped from school in leyden by philip's orders, and had been a captive in spain for seventeen years under the tutorship of the jesuits. maurice, the next son, now seventeen years old, was appointed head of the states council.
but the position of the netherlands was still well nigh desperate. flanders and brabant lay at the feet of the spaniards. a rising which had lately taken place had been crushed. bruges had surrendered without a blow. the duke of parma, with 18,000 troops, besides his garrisons, was threatening ghent, mechlin, brussels, and antwerp, and was freely using promises and bribery to induce them to surrender. dendermonde and vilvoorde both opened their gates, the capitulation of the latter town cutting the communication between brussels and antwerp. ghent followed the example and surrendered without striking a blow, and at the moment of the assassination of the prince of orange parma's army was closing round antwerp.
sir edward martin was at antwerp, where he had gone by the queen's order, when he received the news of the murder of the prince, whom he had seen a few days before. he was filled with grief and horror at the loss of one who had been for six years his friend, and whom he regarded with enthusiastic admiration. it seemed to him at first that with the death of the prince the cause of the netherlands was lost, and had the former attempts of philip's emissaries upon the prince's life been successful such a result would no doubt have followed; but the successful defence of their cities, and the knowledge they had gained that the sea could be made to fight for them, had given the people of holland strength and hope. their material resources, too, were larger than before, for great numbers of the protestants from the other provinces had emigrated there, and had added alike to their strength and wealth. at first, however, the news caused something like despair in antwerp. men went about depressed and sorrowful, as if they had lost their dearest friend; but sainte aldegonde, who had been appointed by the prince to take charge of the defence of antwerp, encouraged the citizens, and their determination to resist returned. unfortunately there had already been terrible blundering. william de blois, lord of treslong and admiral of the fleet of holland and zeeland, had been ordered to carry up to the city provisions and munitions of war sufficient to last for a year, the money having been freely voted by the states general of these provinces.
but treslong disobeyed the orders, and remained week after week at ostend drinking heavily and doing nothing else. at last the states, enraged at his disobedience, ordered him to be arrested and thrown into prison; but this was too late to enable the needed stores to be taken up to antwerp. the citizens were under no uneasiness. they believed that it was absolutely impossible to block the river, and that, therefore, they could at all times receive supplies from the coast. on both sides of the river below the town the land was low and could at any time be laid under water, and sainte aldegonde brought the prince of orange's instructions that the great dyke, called blauwgaren, was to be pierced. this would have laid the country under water for miles, and even the blocking of the river would not have prevented the arrival of ships with provisions and supplies.
unfortunately sainte aldegonde's power was limited. the butchers' guild rose against the proposal, and their leaders appeared before the magistrates and protested against the step being carried out. twelve thousand cattle grazed upon the pastures which would be submerged, and the destruction of farms, homesteads, and orchards would be terrible. as to the blocking up of the river, the idea was absurd, and the operation far beyond the power of man. the butchers were supported by the officers of the militia, who declared that were the authorities to attempt the destruction of the dyke the municipal soldiery would oppose it by force.
such was the state of things when the only man whom the democracy would listen to and obey fell by the assassin's knife, and his death and the obstinate stupidity of the burghers of antwerp sealed the fate of the city. sainte aldegonde had hailed the arrival of elizabeth's envoy, and consulted with him as to the steps to be taken for the defence of the city. he himself did not believe in the possibility of the river being stopped. it was nearly half a mile in width and sixty feet in depth, with a tidal rise and fall of eleven feet. ned agreed with the governor or burgomaster--for this was saint aldegonde's title--that the work of blocking this river seemed impossible, but his reliance upon the opinion of the prince was so great that he did what he could towards persuading the populace to permit the plans to be carried out. but elizabeth had so often disappointed the people of the netherlands that her envoy possessed no authority, and the magistrates, with whom were the ward masters, the deans of all the guilds, the presidents of chambers and heads of colleges, squabbled and quarrelled among themselves, and nothing was done.
the garrison consisted only of a regiment of english under colonel morgan and a scotch regiment under colonel balfour, but these were in a state of indiscipline, and a mutiny had shortly before broken out among them. many of the troops had deserted to parma and some had returned home, and it was not until morgan had beheaded captain lee and captain powell that order was restored among them. beside these were the burgher militia, who were brave and well trained, but insubordinate, and ready on every occasion to refuse obedience to authority.
the first result of the general confusion which prevailed in antwerp was that herenthals was allowed to fall without assistance. had this small but important city been succoured it would have enabled antwerp to protract its own defence for some time.
the veteran mondragon as he took possession remarked, "now it is easy to see that the prince of orange is dead;" and indeed it was only under his wise supervision and authority that anything like concerted action between the cities, which were really small republics, was possible.
quietly but steadily the duke of parma established fortified posts at various points on both banks of the lower scheldt, thereby rendering its navigation more difficult, and covering in some degree the spot where he intended to close the river. nine miles below the city were two forts--lillo and liefkenshoek--one on either side of the stream. the fortifications of lillo was complete, but those of liefkenshoek were not finished when parma ordered the marquis of richebourg to carry it by assault. it was taken by surprise, and the eight hundred men who composed its garrison were all killed or drowned. this first blow took place on the very day the prince of orange was killed.
lillo was garrisoned by antwerp volunteers, called the young bachelors, together with a company of french under captain gascoigne, and 400 scotch and englishmen under colonel morgan. mondragon was ordered to take the place at any cost. he took up his position with 5000 men at the country house and farm of lillo a short distance from the fort, planted his batteries and opened fire. the fort responded briskly, and finding that the walls were little injured by his artillery fire mondragon tried to take it by mining. teligny, however, ran counter mines, and for three weeks the siege continued, the spaniards gaining no advantage and losing a considerable number of men. at last teligny made a sortie, and a determined action took place without advantage on either side. the defenders were then recalled to the fort, the sluice gates were opened, and the waters of the scheldt, swollen by a high tide, poured over the country. swept by the fire of the guns of the fort and surrounded by water, the spaniards were forced to make a rapid retreat, struggling breast high in the waves.
seeing the uselessness of the siege, the attempt to capture lillo was abandoned, having cost the spaniards no less than two thousand lives. parma's own camp was on the opposite side of the river, at the villages of beveren, kalloo, and borght, and he was thus nearly opposite to antwerp, as the river swept round with a sharp curve. he had with him half his army, while the rest were at stabroek on the opposite side of the river, nearly ten miles below antwerp. kallo stood upon rising ground, and was speedily transformed into a bustling town. from this point an army of men dug a canal to steeken, a place on the river above antwerp twelve miles from kalloo, and as soon as ghent and dendermonde had fallen, great rafts of timber, fleets of boats laden with provisions, munitions, building materials, and every other requisite for the great undertaking parma had in view were brought to kalloo.
to this place was brought also by parma's orders the shipwrights, masons, ropemakers, sailors, boatmen, bakers, brewers, and butchers of flanders and brabant, and work went on unceasingly. but while the autumn wore on the river was still open; and in spite of the spanish batteries on the banks the daring sailors of zeeland brought up their ships laden with corn to antwerp, where the price was already high. had this traffic been continued antwerp would soon have been provisioned for a year's siege; but the folly and stupidity of the municipal authorities put a stop to it, for they enacted that, instead of the high prices current for grain, which had tempted the zeelanders to run the gauntlet of the spanish batteries, a price but little above that obtainable in other places should be given. the natural result was, the supply of provisions ceased at once.
"did you ever see anything like the obstinacy and folly of these burghers?" sainte aldegonde said in despair to ned, when, in spite of his entreaties, this suicidal edict had been issued. "what possible avail is it to endeavour to defend a city which seems bent on its own destruction?"
"the best thing to do," ned replied in great anger, "would be to surround the town hall with the companies of morgan's regiment remaining here, and to hang every one of these thick headed and insolent tradesmen."
"it would be the best way," sainte aldegonde agreed, "if we had also a sufficient force to keep down the city. these knaves think vastly more of their own privileges than of the good of the state, or even of the safety of the town. here, as in ghent, the people are divided into sections and parties, who, when there is no one else to quarrel with, are ever ready to fly at each other's throats. each of these leaders of guilds and presidents of chambers considers himself a little god, and it is quite enough if anyone else expresses an opinion for the majority to take up at once the opposite view."
"i looked in at the town hall yesterday," ned said, "and such an uproar was going on that no one could be heard to speak. twenty men were on their feet at once, shouting and haranguing, and paying not the slightest attention to each other; while the rest joined in from time to time with deafening cries and yells. never did i see such a scene. and it is upon such men as these that it rests to decide upon the measures to be taken for the safety of the city!"
"ah, if we had but the prince here among us again for a few hours there would be some hope," sainte aldegonde said; "for he would be able to persuade the people that in times like these there is no safety in many counsellors, but that they must be content for the time to obey one man."
on the flemish side of the river the sluices had been opened at saftingen. the whole country there, with the exception of the ground on which kalloo and the other villages stood, was under water. still the blauwgaren dyke, and an inner dyke called the kowenstyn, barred back the water, which, had it free course, would have turned the country into a sea and given passage to the fleets of zeeland. now that it was too late, those who had so fiercely opposed the plan at first were eager that these should be cut. but it was now out of their power to do so. the lord of kowenstyn, who had a castle on the dyke which bore his name, had repeatedly urged upon the antwerp magistracy the extreme importance of cutting through this dyke, even if they deferred the destruction of the outer one. enraged at their obstinacy and folly, and having the spanish armies all round him, he made terms with parma, and the spaniards established themselves firmly along the bank, built strong redoubts upon it, and stationed five thousand men there.
as the prince had foreseen, the opening of the saftingen sluice had assisted parma instead of adding to his difficulties; for he was now no longer confined to the canal, but was able to bring a fleet of large vessels, laden with cannon and ammunition, from ghent down the scheldt, and in through a breach through the dyke of borght to kalloo. sainte aldegonde, in order to bar the borght passage, built a work called fort teligny upon the dyke, opposite that thrown up by the spaniards, and in the narrow passage between them constant fighting went on between the spaniards and patriots. still the people of antwerp felt confident, for the scheldt was still open, and when food became short the zeeland fleet could at any time sail up to their assistance. but before winter closed in parma commenced the work for which he had made such mighty preparations.
between kalloo and oordam, on the opposite side, a sand bar had been discovered, which somewhat diminished the depth of the stream and rendered pile driving comparatively easy. a strong fort was erected on each bank and the work of driving in the piles began. from each side a framework of heavy timber, supported on these massive piles, was carried out so far that the width of open water was reduced from twenty-four to thirteen hundred feet, and strong blockhouses were erected upon each pier to protect them from assault. had a concerted attack been made by the antwerp ships from above, and the zeeland fleet from below, the works could at this time have been easily destroyed. but the fleet had been paralyzed by the insubordination of treslong, and there was no plan or concert; so that although constant skirmishing went on, no serious attack was made.
the brave teligny, one night going down in a rowboat to communicate with the zeelanders and arrange for joint action, was captured by the spanish boats, and remained for six years in prison. his loss was a very serious blow to antwerp and to the cause. on the 13th of november parma sent in a letter to antwerp, begging the citizens to take compassion on their wives and children and make terms. parma had none of the natural bloodthirstiness of alva, and would have been really glad to have arranged matters without further fighting; especially as he was almost without funds, and the attitude of the king of france was so doubtful that he knew that at any moment his plans might be overthrown.
the states in january attempted to make a diversion in favour of antwerp by attacking bois le duc, a town from which the spaniards drew a large portion of their supplies. parma, although feeling the extreme importance of this town, had been able to spare no men for its defence; and although it was strong, and its burghers notably brave and warlike, it seemed that it might be readily captured by surprise. count hohenlohe was entrusted with the enterprise, and with 4000 infantry and 200 cavalry advanced towards the place. fifty men, under an officer who knew the town, hid at night near the gate, and when in the morning the portcullis was lifted, rushed in, overpowered the guard, and threw open the gate, and hohenlohe, with his 200 troopers and 500 pikemen, entered.
these at once, instead of securing the town, scattered to plunder. it happened that forty spanish lancers and thirty foot soldiers had come into the town the night before to form an escort for a convoy of provisions. they were about starting when the tumult broke out. as hohenlohe's troops thought of nothing but pillage, time was given to the burghers to seize their arms; and they, with the little body of troops, fell upon the plunderers, who, at the sight of the spanish uniforms, were seized with a panic. hohenlohe galloped to the gate to bring in the rest of the troops; but while he was away one of its guards, although desperately wounded at its capture, crawled to the ropes which held up the portcullis and cut them with his knife. thus those within were cut off from their friends. many of them were killed, others threw themselves from the walls into the moat, and very few of those who had entered made their escape.
when hohenlohe returned with 2000 fresh troops and found the gates shut in his face, he had nothing to do but to ride away, the enterprise having failed entirely through his own folly and recklessness; for it was he himself who had encouraged his followers to plunder. had he kept them together until the main force entered, no resistance could have been offered to him, or had he when he rode out to fetch reinforcements left a guard at the gate to prevent its being shut, the town could again have been taken. parma himself wrote to philip acknowledging that "had the rebels succeeded in their enterprise, i should have been compelled to have abandoned the siege of antwerp."
but now the winter, upon which the people in antwerp had chiefly depended for preventing the blocking of the stream, was upon the besiegers. the great river, lashed by storms into fury, and rolling huge masses of ice up and down with the tide, beat against the piers, and constantly threatened to carry them away. but the structure was enormously strong. the piles had been driven fifty feet into the river bed, and withstood the force of the stream, and on the 25th of february the scheldt was closed.
parma had from the first seen that it was absolutely impossible to drive piles across the deep water between the piers, and had prepared to connect them with a bridge of boats. for this purpose he had constructed thirty-two great barges, each sixty-two feet in length, and twelve in breadth. these were moored in pairs with massive chains and anchors, the distance between each pair being twenty-two feet. all were bound together with chains and timbers and a roadway protected by a parapet of massive beams was formed across it. each boat was turned into a fortress by the erection of solid wooden redoubts at each end, mounting heavy guns, and was manned by thirty-two soldiers and four sailors. the forts at the end of the bridge each mounted ten great guns, and twenty armed vessels with heavy pieces of artillery were moored in front of each fort. thus the structure was defended by 170 great guns.
as an additional protection to the bridge, two heavy rafts, each 1250 feet long, composed of empty barrels, heavy timbers, ships' masts, and woodwork bound solidly together, were moored at some little distance above and below the bridge of boats. these rafts were protected by projecting beams of wood tipped with iron, to catch any vessels floating down upon them. the erection of this structure was one of the most remarkable military enterprises ever carried out.
now that it was too late the people of antwerp bitterly bewailed their past folly, which had permitted an enterprise that could at any moment have been interrupted to be carried to a successful issue.
but if something like despair seized the citizens at the sight of the obstacle that cut them off from all hope of succour, the feelings of the great general whose enterprise and ability had carried out the work were almost as depressed. his troops had dwindled to the mere shadow of an army, the cavalry had nearly disappeared, the garrisons in the various cities were starving, and the burghers had no food either for the soldiers or themselves.
the troops were two years behindhand in their pay. parma had long exhausted every means of credit, and his appeals to his sovereign for money met with no response. but while in his letters to philip he showed the feelings of despair which possessed him, he kept a smiling countenance to all else. a spy having been captured, he ordered him to be conducted over every part of the encampment. the forts and bridge were shown to him, and he was requested to count the pieces of artillery, and was then sent back to the town to inform the citizens of what he had seen.
at this moment brussels, which had long been besieged, was starved into surrender, and parma was reinforced by the troops who had been engaged in the siege of that city. a misfortune now befell him similar to that which the patriots had suffered at bois le duc. he had experienced great inconvenience from not possessing a port on the sea coast of flanders, and consented to a proposal of la motte, one of the most experienced of the walloon generals, to surprise ostend. on the night of the 29th of march, la motte, with 2000 foot and 1200 cavalry, surprised and carried the old port of the town. leaving an officer in charge of the position, he went back to bring up the rest of his force. in his absence the soldiers scattered to plunder. the citizens roused themselves, killed many of them, and put the rest to flight, and by the time la motte returned with the fresh troops the panic had become so general that the enterprise had to be abandoned.
the people of antwerp now felt that unless some decisive steps were taken their fate was sealed. a number of armed vessels sailed up from zeeland, and, assisted by a detachment from fort lillo, suddenly attacked and carried fort liefkenshoek, which had been taken from them at the commencement of the siege, and also fort st. anthony lower down the river. in advancing towards the latter fort they disobeyed sainte aldegonde's express orders, which were that they should, after capturing liefkenshoek, at once follow the dyke up the river to the point where it was broken near the fort at the end of the bridge, and should there instantly throw up strong works.
had they followed out these orders they could from this point have battered the bridge, and destroyed this barrier over the river. but the delay caused by the attack on the fort st. anthony was fatal, for at night parma sent a strong body of soldiers and sappers in boats from kalloo to the broken end of the dyke, and these before morning threw up works upon the very spot where sainte aldegonde had intended the battery for the destruction of the bridge to be erected. nevertheless the success was a considerable one. the possession of lillo and liefkenshoek restored to the patriots the command of the river to within three miles of the bridge, and enabled the zeeland fleet to be brought up at that point.
another blow was now meditated. there was in antwerp an italian named gianobelli, a man of great science and inventive power. he had first gone to spain to offer his inventions to philip, but had met with such insolent neglect there that he had betaken himself in a rage to flanders, swearing that the spaniards should repent their treatment of him. he had laid his plans before the council of antwerp, and had asked from them three ships of a hundred and fifty, three hundred and fifty, and five hundred tons respectively, besides these he wanted sixty flat bottomed scows. had this request been complied with it is certain that parma's bridge would have been utterly destroyed; but the leading men were building a great ship or floating castle of their own design, from which they expected such great things that they christened it the end of the war. gianobelli had warned them that this ship would certainly turn out a failure. however, they persisted, and instead of granting him the ships he wanted, only gave him two small vessels of seventy and eighty tons.
although disgusted with their parsimony on so momentous an occasion, gianobelli set to work with the aid of two skilful artisans of antwerp to fit them up.
in the hold of each vessel a solid flooring of brick and mortar a foot thick was first laid down. upon this was built a chamber of masonry forty feet long, three and a half feet wide, and as many high, and with side walls five feet thick. this chamber was covered with a roof six feet thick of tombstones placed edgeways, and was filled with a powder of gianobelli's own invention. above was piled a pyramid of millstones, cannonballs, chain shot, iron hooks, and heavy missiles of all kinds, and again over these were laid heavy marble slabs. the rest of the hold was filled with paving stones.
one ship was christened the fortune, and on this the mine was to be exploded by a slow match, cut so as to explode at a calculated moment. the mine on board the hope was to be started by a piece of clockwork, which at the appointed time was to strike fire from a flint. planks and woodwork were piled on the decks to give to the two vessels the appearance of simple fireships. thirty-two small craft, saturated with tar and turpentine and filled with inflammable materials, were to be sent down the river in detachments of eight every half hour, to clear away if possible the raft above the bridge and to occupy the attention of the spaniards.
the 5th of april, the day after the capture of the liefkenshoek, was chosen for the attempt. it began badly. admiral jacobzoon, who was in command, instead of sending down the fireboats in batches as arranged, sent them all off one after another, and started the two mine ships immediately afterwards. as soon as their approach was discovered, the spaniards, who had heard vague rumours that an attack by water was meditated, at once got under arms and mustered upon the bridge and forts. parma himself, with all his principal officers, superintended the arrangements. as the fleet of small ships approached they burst into flames. the spaniards silently watched the approaching danger, but soon began to take heart again. many of the boats grounded on the banks of the river before reaching their destination, others burned out and sank, while the rest drifted against the raft, but were kept from touching it by the long projecting timbers, and burned out without doing any damage.
then came the two ships. the pilots as they neared the bridge escaped in boats, and the current carried them down, one on each side of the raft, towards the solid ends of the bridge. the fortune came first, but grounded near the shore without touching the bridge. just as it did so the slow match upon deck burnt out. there was a faint explosion, but no result; and sir ronald yorke, the man who had handed over zutphen, sprang on board with a party of volunteers, extinguished the fire smoldering on deck, and thrusting their spears down into the hold, endeavoured to ascertain the nature of its contents. finding it impossible to do so they returned to the bridge.
the spaniards were now shouting with laughter at the impotent attempt of the antwerpers to destroy the bridge, and were watching the hope, which was now following her consort. she passed just clear of the end of the raft, and struck the bridge close to the blockhouse at the commencement of the floating portion. a fire was smoldering on her deck, and a party of soldiers at once sprang on board to extinguish this, as their comrades had done the fire on board the fortune. the marquis of richebourg, standing on the bridge, directed the operations. the prince of parma was standing close by, when an officer named vega, moved by a sudden impulse, fell on his knees and implored him to leave the place, and not to risk a life so precious to spain. moved by the officer's entreaties parma turned and walked along the bridge. he had just reached the entrance to the fort when a terrific explosion took place.
the clockwork of the hope had succeeded better than the slow match in the fortune. in an instant she disappeared, and with her the blockhouse against which she had struck, with all of its garrison, a large portion of the bridge, and all the troops stationed upon it. the ground was shaken as if by an earthquake, houses fell miles away, and the air was filled with a rain of mighty blocks of stone, some of which were afterwards found a league away. a thousand soldiers were killed in an instant, the rest were dashed to the ground, stunned and bewildered. the marquis of richebourg and most of parma's best officers were killed. parma himself lay for a long time as if dead, but presently recovered and set to work to do what he could to repair the disaster.
the zeeland fleet were lying below, only waiting for the signal to move up to destroy the rest of the bridge and carry succour to the city; but the incompetent and cowardly jacobzoon rowed hastily away after the explosion, and the rocket that should have summoned the zeelanders was never sent up. parma moved about among his troops, restoring order and confidence, and as the night went on and no assault took place he set his men to work to collect drifting timbers and spars, and make a hasty and temporary restoration, in appearance at least, of the ruined portion of the bridge.
it was not until three days afterwards that the truth that the bridge had been partially destroyed, and that the way was open, was known at antwerp. but by this time it was too late. the zeelanders had retired; the spaniards had recovered their confidence, and were hard at work restoring the bridge. from time to time fresh fireships were sent down; but parma had now established a patrol of boats, which went out to meet them and towed them to shore far above the bridge. in the weeks that followed parma's army dwindled away from sickness brought on by starvation, anxiety, and overwork; while the people of antwerp were preparing for an attack upon the dyke of kowenstyn. if that could be captured and broken, parma's bridge would be rendered useless, as the zeeland fleet could pass up over the submerged country with aid.
parma was well aware of the supreme importance of this dyke. he had fringed both its margins with breastworks of stakes, and had strengthened the whole body of the dyke with timber work and piles. where it touched the great scheldt dyke a strong fortress called the holy cross had been constructed under the command of mondragon, and at the further end, in the neighbourhood of mansfeldt's headquarters, was another fort called the stabroek, which commanded and raked the whole dyke.
on the body of the dyke itself were three strong forts a mile apart, called st. james, st. george, and the fort of the palisades. several attacks had been made from time to time, both upon the bridge and dyke, and at daybreak on the 7th of may a fleet from lillo, under hohenlohe, landed five hundred zeelanders upon it between st. george's and fort palisade. but the fleet that was to have come out from antwerp to his assistance never arrived; and the zeelanders were overpowered by the fire from the two forts and the attacks of the spaniards, and retreated, leaving four of their ships behind them, and more than a fourth of their force.
upon the 26th of the same month the grand attack, from which the people of antwerp hoped so much, took place. two hundred vessels were ready. a portion of these were to come up from zeeland, under hohenlohe; the rest to advance from antwerp, under sainte aldegonde. at two o'clock in the morning the spanish sentinels saw four fireships approaching the dyke. they mustered reluctantly, fearing a repetition of the previous explosion, and retired to the fort. when the fireships reached the stakes protecting the dyke, they burned and exploded, but without effecting much damage. but in the meantime a swarm of vessels of various sizes were seen approaching. it was the fleet of hohenlohe, which had been sailing and rowing from ten o'clock on the previous night.
guided by the light of the fireships they approached the dyke, and the zeelanders sprang ashore and climbed up. they were met by several hundred spanish troops, who, as soon as they saw the fireships burn out harmlessly, sallied out from their forts. the zeelanders were beginning to give way when the antwerp fleet came up on the other side, headed by sainte aldegonde. the new arrivals sprang from their boats and climbed the dyke. the spaniards were driven off, and three thousand men occupied all the space between fort george and the palisade fort.
with sainte aldegonde came all the english and scotch troops in antwerp under balfour and morgan, and many volunteers, among whom was ned martin. with hohenlohe came prince maurice, william the silent's son, a lad of eighteen. with wool sacks, sandbags, planks, and other materials the patriots now rapidly entrenched the position they had gained, while a large body of sappers and miners set to work with picks, mattocks, and shovels, tearing down the dyke. the spaniards poured out from the forts; but antwerpers, dutchmen, zeelanders, scotchmen, and englishmen met them bravely, and a tremendous conflict went on at each end of the narrow causeway.
both parties fought with the greatest obstinacy, and for an hour there was no advantage on either side. at last the patriots were victorious, drove the spaniards back into their two forts, and following up their success attacked the palisade fort. its outworks were in their hands when a tremendous cheer was heard. the sappers and miners had done their work. salt water poured through the broken dyke, and a zeeland barge, freighted with provisions, floated triumphantly into the water beyond, now no longer an inland sea. then when the triumph seemed achieved another fatal mistake was made by the patriots. sainte aldegonde and hohenlohe, the two commanders of the enterprise, both leapt on board, anxious to be the first to carry the news of the victory to antwerp, where they arrived in triumph, and set all the bells ringing and bonfires blazing.
for three hours the party on the dyke remained unmolested. parma was at his camp four leagues away, and in ignorance of what had been done, and mansfeldt could send no word across to him. the latter held a council of war, but it seemed that nothing could be done. three thousand men were entrenched on the narrow dyke, covered by the guns of a hundred and sixty zeeland ships. some of the officers were in favour of waiting until nightfall; but at last the advice of a gallant officer, camillo capizucca, colonel of the italian legion, carried the day in favour of an immediate assault, and the italians and spaniards marched together from fort stabroek to the palisade fort, which was now in extremity.
they came in time, drove back the assailants, and were preparing to advance against them when a distant shout from the other end of the dyke told that parma had arrived there. mondragon moved from the holy cross to fort george; and from that fort and from the palisade the spaniards advanced to the attack of the patriots' position. during the whole war no more desperate encounter took place than that upon the dyke, which was but six paces wide. the fight was long and furious. three times the spaniards were repulsed with tremendous loss; and while the patriot soldiers fought, their pioneers still carried on the destruction of the dyke.
a fourth assault was likewise repulsed, but the fifth was more successful. the spaniards believed that they were led by a dead commander who had fallen some months before, and this superstitious belief inspired them with fresh courage. the entrenchment was carried, but its defenders fought as obstinately as before on the dyke behind it. just at this moment the vessels of the zeelanders began to draw off. many had been sunk or disabled by the fire that the forts had maintained on them; and the rest found the water sinking fast, for the tide was now ebbing.
the patriots, believing that they were deserted by the fleet, were seized with a sudden panic; and, leaving the dyke, tried to wade or swim off to the ships. the spaniards with shouts of victory pursued them. the english and scotch were the last to abandon the position they had held for seven hours, and most of them were put to the sword. two thousand in all were slain or drowned, the remainder succeeded in reaching the ships on one side or other of the dyke.
ned martin had fought to the last. he was standing side by side with justinius of nassau, and the two sprang together into a clump of high rushes, tore off their heavy armour and swam out to one of the zeeland ships, which at once dropped down the river and reached the sea. ned's mission was now at an end, and he at once returned to england.
the failure of the attempt upon the kowenstyn dyke sealed the fate of antwerp. it resisted until the middle of june; when finding hunger staring the city in the face, and having no hope whatever of relief, sainte aldegonde yielded to the clamour of the mob and opened negotiations.
these were continued for nearly two months. parma was unaware that the town was reduced to such an extremity, and consented to give honourable terms. the treaty was signed on the 17th of august. there was to be a complete amnesty for the past. royalist absentees were to be reinstated in their positions. monasteries and churches to be restored to their former possessors. the inhabitants of the city were to practice the catholic religion only, while those who refused to conform were allowed two years for the purpose of winding up their affairs. all prisoners, with the exception of teligny, were to be released. four hundred thousand florins were to be paid by the city as a fine, and the garrison were to leave the town with arms and baggage, and all honours of war.
the fall of antwerp brought about with it the entire submission of brabant and flanders, and henceforth the war was continued solely by zeeland, holland, and friesland.
the death of the prince of orange, and the fall of antwerp, marked the conclusion of what may be called the first period of the struggle of the netherlands for freedom. it was henceforth to enter upon another phase. england, which had long assisted holland privately with money, and openly by the raising of volunteers for her service, was now about to enter the arena boldly and to play an important part in the struggle, which, after a long period of obstinate strife, was to end in the complete emancipation of the netherlands from the yoke of spain.
sir edward martin married gertrude von harp soon after his return to england. he retained the favour of elizabeth to the day of her death, and there were few whose counsels had more influence with her. he long continued in the public service, although no longer compelled to do so as a means of livelihood; for as holland and zeeland freed themselves from the yoke of spain, and made extraordinary strides in wealth and prosperity, the estates of the countess once more produced a splendid revenue, and this at her death came entirely to her daughter. a considerable portion of sir edward martin's life, when not actually engaged upon public affairs, was spent upon the broad estates which had come to him from his wife.
