kalathoka is succeeded by his eldest son, baddasena—and finally by the youngest, pitzamuka—this prince is killed and succeeded by a chief of robbers, named ouggasena-nanda—king tsanda-gutta—king bandasura—miraculous dreams of athoka’s mother—king athoka—his conversion—his zeal for buddhism—finding of the relics—distribution of them—third council held under the presidency of mauggalipata—preaching of religion in various countries, and particularly in thaton—voyage of buddhagosa to ceylon—establishment of religion in pagan—various particulars relating to the importation of the scriptures in burmah.

at the conclusion of the synod, samputa-kami and several of the most distinguished members of the buddhistic assembly, astonished at the progress of schism and dissension which the united voices of seven hundred religious had not been able entirely to root up, endeavoured to divine, as far as human wisdom could reach, what would be in after times the fate of religion. they foresaw that one hundred and twenty years hence, there would be at pataliputra a mighty ruler full of love for religion, and zealous for its propagation, who would do much to promote its exaltation. but before the reign of that pious monarch they saw distinctly that there would appear many heretics, fond of their own will, coining doctrines of their own invention, and that they would thereby inflict the most serious harm on religion. they had, however, the consolation to know that this was to come to pass after their death. but who was the fortunate being who was destined to check effectually the coming evil? they saw him in one of the seats of brahmas. his name was teissa. in due time he would come down to[124] the seat of man, operate his incarnation in the womb of a pounha female, named maugali, and would afterwards become a famous religious under the name mauggalipatta. this vision filled their souls with the purest joy, which was increased by the view of the expansion and development which religion would receive through the zeal of that great personage.

after a reign of twenty-eight years, king kalathoka died, leaving nine sons, the eldest of whom was named baddasena. they all reigned one after the other through a period of thirty-three years. the last of them, pitzamuka, was the youngest. during his reign a gang of robbers desolated the country of magatha. on a certain day a man named ouggasena, having fallen in with that gang, inquired of them what pursuit they followed in order to obtain their livelihood. they plainly told him that they knew nothing about the tillage of the fields, and were unacquainted with the business of trade; they had no other way left for maintaining themselves but to seize by force whatever they chanced to meet. ouggasena, taken up with the boldness of these desperadoes, offered to join their company with his eight brothers. the offer was gladly accepted. it happened afterwards that in one of their depredatory expeditions their chief was slain. ouggasena was appointed by common consent to take his place. being of a bold and lofty daring, he said to his associates: “friends, it does not suit brave and enterprising men as you are to confine your attacks to petty villages and small towns: you ought to aim higher.” he then represented to them in forcible language that king pitzamuka was deficient in courage, and neglected entirely the duties of a king. “the moment is favourable,” added he, “to attack pataliputra itself.” his opinion was universally accepted. the king, fonder of pleasure than of business, offered little resistance. he was killed at the taking of his capital, and ouggasena sat on the throne, under the name of ouggasena-nanda.

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he was succeeded by his eight brothers. they reigned successively during the short period of twenty-two years. the last of them was called dzananda. these princes were not followers of buddha, but they supported the party of the pounhas, to which they adhered. their generosity towards the pounhas was very great. they fed daily a great number of them in their own palace.

among the pounhas who were maintained by the king’s liberality, there was one named dzanecka, who was much versed in the science of astrology. being once in the country, he saw in himself certain signs indicating that one day he would become a king. having communicated this intelligence to his mother, she wisely advised him to ignore such dangerous signs, which would inevitably bring the king’s anger upon him, and expose him to great perils. dzanecka was wise enough to comply with his mother’s wishes.

on a certain day dzanecka returned to pataliputra, from the country place where his mother lived. on his arrival, he, in company with his brethren, went to the palace to receive alms, that were to be distributed in the king’s presence in a large hall, fitted for that special purpose. he occupied the foremost rank. the king, who saw him, could not help remarking something extraordinary in his person. suspicions arose in his bosom respecting the fidelity of that pounha. he instantly felt angry with him. unable to control his passions, he ordered one of his officers to turn him out of the palace without giving him anything. the pounha had but to obey the unwelcome summons. stung to the quick by shame and rage, he rose from his place. when he was just crossing the threshold of the hall’s entrance, he took off his caste’s string, and cut it in pieces; he likewise broke his mendicant’s pot, and flung all against one post of the door of the hall, uttering at the same time imprecations, and praying that the king might never from that day enjoy rest. he ran away as far as he could, and under a disguise he[126] eluded the pursuit of those that had been sent to arrest him. he escaped into tekkaso. there he plotted the destruction of the king.

in one of his rambles through the country, dzanecka met by chance a child, whom he knew to belong to a royal race. he at once adopted him, and brought him up with the greatest care and attention. it was not long, however, ere he found out that the signs prognosticating promotion to royalty were rather doubtful and somewhat insufficient. he could not rely on him for the execution of the important and long-cherished design he had in his heart. he had now to look out for some other one, who could afford him a greater subject for hope and confidence. chance soon served him admirably well, to the utmost of his wishes.

after the destruction of wethalie by adzatathat, the princes that had escaped from the massacre had fled in an eastern direction, and built a city called maurya. new misfortunes having befallen them, they were obliged to search for safety in precipitate flight. one of the wives of those princes, being in the family way, was led to the city of pouppaya. having been delivered of a son, she had the barbarity to order the little creature to be put into a jar, which was cast in a neighbouring cow-pen. the nats watched over the child, and the bull of the herd, stationing itself near the infant, kept, with his horns and feet, at a distance any animal that came near. the cow-keeper, observing what was taking place, took the child and gave it to his wife tsanda to bring him up as if he were their own child. he was called from the name of his adopted parents, tsanda-gutta.

when the lad had come to the age to play the cowherd, he assumed among his fellow-herdsmen all the ways and manners and deportment of a king. he appointed some of them his ministers; others were invested with other mock dignities. he would sit on a tribunal, decide small cases, and strictly enforce the execution of his sentences.

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the pounha dzanecka, who was living in the neighbourhood, hearing all this, wished to see the extraordinary boy. he recognised at a glance in the lad the sure signs foreshadowing his coming greatness. he purchased him for the sum of one thousand pieces of silver, and brought him up along with his other adopted son. each of the boys had a splendid necklace of gold. on a certain day, dzanecka ordered pouppata, for such was the name of the first adopted son, to take a sword and go to tsanda-gutta whilst asleep, and take from him his necklace of gold, without, however, cutting the thread, or even unloosing it. pouppata, agreeably to his father’s order, went near the place where his brother was sleeping. he stood over him, and examined attentively by what means he could execute his father’s order. after many fruitless combinations, finding it impossible to do so, he went back to his father and related his disappointment. dzanecka, without addressing him a word of blame, remained silent.

a few days afterwards, dzanecka called tsanda-gutta, and commissioned him to take a sword, and during his brother’s sleep to steal away from him his gold necklace, carefully avoiding either to cut the string or to untie it. tsanda-gutta went to the place where his brother was sleeping. after a few moments of reflection, seeing but one way to obey his father’s order, he cut off at once his brother’s head, and brought entire the necklace of gold, which he placed at his father’s feet. the latter, without giving a sign of approbation or displeasure, remained silent.

dzanecka gave all his treasures to tsanda-gutta. having pointed out to him and minutely explained the course he had to follow for obtaining the high station he was destined to, the pounha repaired to some other place, bidding him remember him after he became a king. with the treasures left at his disposal, tsanda-gutta levied men, and went on from success to success, until he possessed himself of pataliputra and killed dananda. he received[128] the water of consecration, and began his reign in 163. that monarch seems to have been accustomed to the use of poisons. for it happened that, on a certain day, his first queen, belonging to the maurya race, tasted a mouthful of a dish prepared for the king. this caused her death. at the time of that fatal occurrence she was far advanced in pregnancy. the king, without a moment’s delay, ordered her belly to be opened; the infant was taken out and put in the belly of a goat freshly slain. the child lived, and was called bandasura.

tsanda-gutta, after a reign of twenty-four years, died in 187, and was succeeded by his son bandasura, only sixteen years old. both the father and the son were supporters of the pounhas, and fed daily an immense number of them in their palace. bandasura reigned twenty-seven years, that is to say, until the year 214. he had altogether 101 sons. his first queen, called damma, had become the mother of two sons, called athoka and teissa. when she was pregnant of the first, she had five dreams: first, she thought she was stretching her two feet, one resting on the sun, and the other on the moon; second, it appeared to her that she was devouring the stars; third, she fancied she was eating the clouds; fourth, she imagined she was eating the worms’ dunghills; fifth and finally, she imagined she was eating the leaves of all the trees. according to the prediction of the soothsayers, the five dreams meant that the son whom she had in her womb would rule over the whole of the island of tsampoudipa; that he would destroy all his brothers, who would unite to dispute the throne with him; that he would disperse all the heretics or upholders of false tenets, who, like clouds, obscure the glory of religion; that he would possess all above the earth to the height of one youdzana, and all below the earth to an equal depth.

when athoka was sixteen years old, his father sent him to outzeni to govern that city, and the territories[129] annexed to it. on his way to that city, athoka had to pass through wedika, distant fifty youdzanas from pataliputra, in an eastern direction. the town had been founded by the princes of kapilawot, when that city had been almost destroyed in the days of buddha. in that place he married the daughter of a rich man, named dewa. after his arrival at outzeni, athoka’s wife presented him first with a son, who was named maheinda, and subsequently with a daughter, called seingamitta. athoka remained nine years at outzeni. at the end of that period, hearing that his father lay dangerously ill, he hastened to pataliputra, to assist him and render all the services dictated by filial love. on his return, having to pass through wedika, he left in that place his wife and his two children. a little while after his arrival at his father’s capital, the king breathed his last, and athoka was proclaimed king.

the new monarch, however, found himself soon surrounded by many enemies. with the exception of teissa, who was born from the same mother, all his brothers conspired against him. the oldest of all, named thoumana, was the originator and leader of the rebellion. after a protracted struggle, athoka’s good fortune prevailed. his rebellious brother thoumana was overcome and made a prisoner; soon after, he was put to death. the same sad and cruel fate befel the other ninety-eight brothers. but it took three years before athoka could free himself from all his enemies. on the fourth year after his accession to the throne, that is to say, in 218, he received the royal consecration, and in honour of his mother took the name of dammathoka. he obtained a universal sway all over dzampoudipa.

up to the period of his consecration, athoka had always favoured the pounhas. in imitation of his father’s conduct, he fed daily an immense number of them in his palace. they all dressed in white clothes. it was only after he had received the royal consecration that he became[130] a convert to buddhism, through the instrumentality of his own nephew, the rahan nigrauda. a few particulars respecting this celebrated religious may not be unacceptable to the reader.

after thoumana’s death, his wife thoumana-dewi was near the moment of her confinement. under disguise, she contrived to baffle the snares of her husband’s enemies and elude their pursuit. she went to the neighbourhood of the village of dountsanka, a little distant from pataliputra in an eastern direction, and rested under a banyan tree. a small shed was provided for her, and the head man of the village, who looked upon her as his daughter, supplied her with food. she was delivered of a son, whom she named nigrauda. when he was about seven years old he was confided to the care of the venerable varuna, who instructed him in his monastery, and taught him the kamatan. he became a religious, and was made a patzin. the monastery of the venerable varuna was not very distant from the southern gate of the city.

on a certain day the young religious nigrauda rose up at an early hour, and having paid his respects to his great instructor, put on his cloak, and, taking under his arm the mendicant’s pot, left his monastery, entered the city by the southern gate, and shaped his course towards the eastern one, with the intention of going to visit his mother. at that very moment king athoka was standing over the lion’s gate of his palace enjoying the cool of the morning breeze. he saw the young religious passing with a grave and steady step. all was graceful and dignified in his deportment. a placid joy, a serene modesty, and a majestic appearance beautified his countenance to such an extent that, at the first look, the king felt an irresistible affection for the young samane. without a moment’s delay he despatched an officer to call him. with a kind and affectionate tone the king invited him to ascend the steps of his palace, and insisted on serving him with his[131] meal. when the repast was over, athoka said: “young samane, do you know well all the doctrines taught by your instructor?” “i am somewhat acquainted with them,” replied nigrauda modestly. “if such be the case, will you be pleased to explain them to me?” he then said in reply: “he who is diligent in practising the duties that procure merits enjoys true happiness; he shall be exempt from death. he who neglects the duties that procure merits is unhappy, and is in a state of death.” the king, delighted with the instruction delivered to him by the young samane, offered him several presents suitable to the religious profession. but nigrauda would not accept them, except in the name and for the benefit of his instructor; because it was he who had the charge of teaching people to avoid evil, to do good, and to practise the religious duties. as to him, he was but a disciple. athoka was greatly pleased with the modesty and disinterestedness of the young samane.

on other occasions the king sent for nigrauda, and heard his instructions with such a good result that he gradually became a perfect convert. by the advice of his spiritual guide, athoka made daily presents to a certain number of religious of the buddhistic persuasion. the number of the religious who every day attended the court to receive presents gradually swelled to the amount of 60,000. nigrauda instructed his royal pupil on the three saranans and the five precepts. he infused into his soul a tender love for buddha and his religion. the great change in the king’s dispositions happened on the fourth year after his coronation. up to that time he had favoured the party of the pounhas, as his father and grandfather had done. he was in the habit of daily affording food and maintenance to sixty thousand pounhas wearing the white dress.

not satisfied with the liberal offerings of every day, the king said to the rahans: “my intention is to build a great number of dzedis in all the cities of dzampoudipa.[132] but where are to be found the relics of the most excellent buddha, that they may be divided and enshrined in the principal dzedis?” by his order the relics were searched for in every direction. the dzedis already built in wethalie, kapilawot, allakappa, pawa, and koutheinaron were all demolished. an exception was made in favour of the dzedi in the village of rama. the nagas, guardians of the place, would not allow that monument to be touched. in vain did the workmen strive with pickaxes to demolish the dzedi. their instruments broke in pieces as soon as they came in contact with the building. but in none of them could the precious deposit be found. the king commanded that the demolished sacred monuments should be rebuilt precisely in the same shape and form as they stood previously. athoka, disappointed but undismayed by his want of success, directed his steps towards radzagio, and resolved not to relax in his exertions until he had found the precious object of his eager desires. having arrived at that place, he assembled all the rahans and people, and inquired if there was no person who could lead him in the way to discover the relics. in the crowd there was a rahan one hundred and twenty years old, who said that when he was a samane about seven years old, his superior directed him to take some flowers and perfumes, and, leading him to a retired place, said to him, “you see that dark bush in the middle of which there is a small stone dzedi; let us prostrate ourselves before it and make our offering.” when this was done he added with a solemn tone of voice, “young samane, observe well this spot, and ever remember it.” he said nothing more, and we returned to our home. “this is doubtless,” said the king, “the very spot i am searching after, without having ever been able hitherto to discover it.” the king and his people hastened to the indicated place. great offerings were made to the guardian nat in order to propitiate him. the nat, assuming the shape of a young man, removed all the obstacles that obstructed the way to the[133] place. when the king was near the first door, he discovered the ruby whereupon was seen the above-related inscription. on touching the bolt the door was suddenly opened, when, to the great surprise of all present, the lamps that had been lighted two hundred and eighteen years ago were found burning and full of oil; the flowers, without the least sign of withering, were as fresh and beautiful as those in the gardens; the smell of the perfumes seemed to be even more exquisite than that of new ones. the king, taking the gold leaf, read the inscription concerning him. he took all the relics, except a few that he left therein, replaced and arranged everything as he had found it. the finding of the relics happened in 218.[33]

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all that has been herein above related respecting the partition of the relics by dauna, &c., has been extracted from the book called nibana thoot. but he who wishes[135] to know all the particulars concerning the places where the relics have been deposited, &c., must have recourse to the books called data win and nalatadata win.

on a certain day a likeness of buddha was placed before the eyes of athoka. the king was delighted with it. he wished to multiply the number of statues, so that they could be seen in every part of his dominions. he gave orders for the building of monasteries in the 84,000 towns of his immense dominions. this happened in 220 of the religious era. it was but three years afterwards, that is to say, in 223, that the dedication or consecration of the dzedis took place, in which portions of the relics were to be enshrined. throughout his realm the king issued a proclamation inviting all the people to attend to the observance of the eight precepts. the royal mandate was duly attended to, and the religious festival celebrated with the greatest solemnity. on that occasion the king made abundant donations to the religious, and strove to display his zeal for the promotion of religion.

delighted with all that he had done, the king said to the venerable mauggalipata: “i have endeavoured to labour for the exaltation of religion by every means in my power. i have built religious monuments through the length and breadth of my dominions; i have made offerings on the grandest scale. may i now consider myself as entitled to the inheritance of religion?” the venerable mauggalipata replied: “great prince, you have indeed done much towards the advancement of the good cause. but something else more excellent still is to be performed that you may acquire a right to the inheritance of religion.” “what is that?” asked the king. “it is most perfect and meritorious,” replied mauggalipata, “that you should consecrate your son maheinda and your daughter singameitta to the service of religion.” athoka immediately asked his son, who was eighteen years old, whether he would like to become a religious. maheinda answered in the affirmative. he was forthwith ordained samane.[136] mauggalipata acted on the occasion as president, and mahadewana as master of the ceremonies. singameitta was similarly ordained. the president was dammapata, and the person acting in the ceremony was oopali. this happened in 223. maheinda learned the pitagat under the immediate superintendence and tuition of mauggalipata himself. his proficiency both in the study of religious science and in the practice of virtue was so great that his teacher placed him at the head of a thousand rahans, whom he was commissioned to instruct.

the great liberality of the king towards the buddhists, the efforts that he made for the promotion of the new religion he had embraced, alarmed those who belonged to the opposite party. the pounhas saw themselves without support, and unable to provide for their maintenance. they had recourse to the following expedient to secure their livelihood, and also a well-concerted plan to weaken their enemies. they all assumed the yellow dress, entered into the buddhistic monasteries, and affected to be converts, without being so in reality. they retained their own opinions, and even as regards regulations they refused to comply with some of the ordinances of the wini. some of them fed large fires; others exposed themselves to various degrees of excessive heat; others affected the mania of fixing their eyes upon the sun in the morning, and following it in its course during the whole day.[34] many appeared to lay little stress on several portions of the pitagat. as a matter of course, the true religious[137] were much scandalised at such a conduct, and refused to hold communion with them on the days of worship. this state of things, after having lasted seven years, produced an irritation that could be no longer tolerated. mauggalipata, disgusted at such a perturbation, left maheinda at the head of the community, and withdrew to the ahan ginga mountain to enjoy some tranquillity.

king athoka was informed of the prevailing disorder. with the view of pacifying the inmates of the monasteries, he sent an officer of his household with stringent orders to oblige the two parties to come to an understanding, to communicate with each other, and to worship in common on the festival days. the officer went to one of the monasteries, explained the royal order, and drew his sword, threatening to cut off the head of the first rahan who would dare to offer opposition. one of the orthodox party came forward, and having explained the true state of things, concluded by firmly stating that he would not hold communion with heretics. the officer in vain expostulated, and entreated the religious not to be so tenacious in his views, but rather to show a willingness to obey the king’s orders, for the sake of peace. the latter persisted in his refusal. the officer, carried away by passion, struck off the head of the refractory rahan. an immense uproar followed this tragical occurrence. all hopes of bringing about a pacification were then at an end. the officer withdrew from the monastery, and related to the king all the particulars as they had occurred.

athoka bitterly deplored the murder that had been committed on a saintly personage, and reproached the officer with having outstepped the orders he had received. his religious feelings were grievously hurt, and his conscience greatly alarmed. he sent for several religious, and consulted them as to whether he was responsible for the murder committed by his officer. the spiritual advisers did not agree in their decision. some of them were of opinion that the king was answerable for the doing of his[138] messenger; others declared that the king, having given no order to the effect of using violence, the officer alone was responsible for the murder. such conflicting opinions increased the king’s perplexities, and threw him in a state of great anxiety and uneasiness.

some courtiers, grieved at the sadness which overspread their master’s mind, advised him to send for the celebrated mauggalipata, and abide by the decision of that eminent man, whose knowledge was unsurpassed. the king gladly accepted the proposal. a messenger with a great retinue was at first sent to the place of mauggalipata. the king’s desires were respectfully explained. but the old ascetic refused to quit his abode of peace. a second messenger was despatched, but with no better success. at last a third one was sent on the same errand, with several religious. the latter, who knew the great zeal of mauggalipata for promoting the cause of religion, represented to him the imminent dangers religion was threatened with, and entreated him to come, and by his presence save it from an approaching ruin. on hearing this sad news the old man no longer hesitated. he immediately left his abode, went in the boat prepared for him, and gently sailed down the mighty stream to pataliputra. the news of his coming down was spread in a moment. when the boat was reported to be near the city, the king, with his whole court, hastened to the banks of the ganges. on her nearing the bank, athoka went knee-deep into the stream, and helping the venerable mauggalipata with his royal hand out of the boat, led him into a garden, where a suitable place had been prepared for his residence. there he sat at his feet, and rendered to him the same humble services which a disciple is wont to tender to his teacher.

the king, anxious to alleviate his scruples and relieve his much-troubled conscience, related the particulars of the case of the rahan’s murder, and concluded by asking whether he was to be considered as responsible for the[139] death of the religious. mauggalipata said, “o king, had you, when you despatched the officer, the intention of having any refractory rahan put to death?” “no,” replied the king. “since you gave no such order to your officer, and you had no intention that any disobedience to your orders should be visited with capital punishment, the murder of the religious can in no way be imputed unto you, because intention is the thing that makes actions good or bad, and entails merits or sin on the perpetrator.” athoka recovered at once his peace and tranquillity of mind. meanwhile he entreated the venerable mauggalipata to labour for the extinction of schism and the exaltation of religion.

seven days after the arrival of the great religious, a vast hall was erected in the grove where mauggalipata was living. at the end of it a fine pavilion made of cloth of various and bright colours was prepared for the accommodation of the monarch. each religious had then to be examined separately in the presence of mauggalipata on the doctrines and practices he held as genuine and good. those whose doctrines and observances were found to be at variance with the pitagat were expelled from the assembly, stripped of the canonical robe, and compelled to resume the white dress, that is to say, the one befitting the pounhas. the presence of the king silenced all murmurs, and rendered any attempt at resistance impossible. in this manner the orthodox rahans were separated from the heterodox ones.

to heal the wounds inflicted on religion by schism, to restore purity of doctrine, and confirm the genuineness of the canon of scriptures, such as had been done by kathaba in the first council, and by ratha in the second one, mauggalipata, with the concurrence of the pious dammathoka, resolved to hold a third council. from the rahans then present at palibotra he selected a thousand, and with them he regulated the pitagat. the council was opened in the year 235, and ended in 236 = to 307 b.c. it was[140] presided over by mauggalipata, who was seventy-two years old.[35]

at the conclusion of the council, the president, who[141] was acknowledged the head of the buddhists, thought of extending the sway of the new religion through the whole of dzampoudipa. hitherto it had been confined within the limits of magatha. now the time had come to extend it far and wide among the nations and tribes of the whole world. to carry out such a bold and comprehensive plan, mauggalipata made an appeal to the ablest and most zealous members of the council, and charged a certain number of them to go and preach the true law in the countries beyond the boundaries of magatha. the venerable mitzaganti with four companions, was directed to proceed to the country of kashmera-gandara. rewati was ordered to go to mahithakan-pantala. gaunaka-damma reckita went to aparanta. maha-damma reckita was sent to the mahrata country. damma reckita received a mission to proceed to yaunaka, which is the country inhabited by the pantsays. the venerable mitzi directed his steps, in company with several brethren, towards some parts in the himalayas. thauna and outtara proceeded in a south-eastern direction to the country of souwana-boumi. finally maheinda, ittia, outtia, thamala, and baddathala went to establish religion into the island of tappapani (ceylon).[36]

great success attended the preachings of the buddhist heralds. if credit can be given to all that is related in the books on this subject, religion must have taken deep root in the heart of the people dwelling in those distant lands.

as regards ceylon, there is an important fact to be stated. it appears that until the year of religion 454, the knowledge of the pitagat was transmitted by means of oral tradition. the heads of monasteries required from[142] their pupils to know the whole collection by heart. it is probable that one portion of the scriptures was learned by one section of the community, and another by another. in this manner the whole pitagat was known in each monastery, and could be rehearsed in full by the inmates. this state of things lasted two hundred years. the great inconvenience necessarily attending it was soon felt so keenly that some means had to be devised in order to render the study of the sacred books surer and easier. in the reign of king watakamani five hundred religious assembled in the village of mallaya, and wrote the whole pitagat in sanscrit, and with the sanscrit characters. under the reign of that monarch a great dearth prevailed all over the island. numerous buddhist religious crossed over to the continent, and established religion in many parts of the southern portion of the peninsula. that prince also built the famous bayagiri monastery. with the mahawihara already existing, and the dzetawon monastery subsequently erected, there sprung up three distinct schools. the latter was erected in 811, in the time of king mathena of ceylon. but the teaching of the mahawihara was the only one truly orthodox. after a protracted existence, they were all merged in the mahawihara school, under the reign of thiri singa-bodiparanna-maba, in the year of the pouppa-dzau era (pagan era), 522; of religion, 1714 = to 1161 a.d.

the venerable thauna and outtara of the pounha race came to the district of thaton,[37] which is called souwana-boumi,[143] in the country of ramagnia, for the purpose of establishing religion in that distant land, which lies south-east of mitzima. thiri-mathauka was the king who at that time reigned at thaton. previous to the arrival of the buddhist messengers of peace, the town was desolated by the ravages of biloos, who, coming from the sea, devoured all the newly-born infants. a great consternation and panic had seized the inhabitants when they saw[144] the two strangers, clothed in yellow robes, setting their feet upon the shore. they mistook them for monsters of a new description, who were coming to increase their misfortune. they ran to arms, and were preparing to attack the two religious. the latter, perceiving the danger that threatened them, said with a meek tone of voice to the infuriated mob, “why do you attack us? we are not biloos, nor are we come hither with any hostile intention. know ye that we profess a religion which forbids us to take away intentionally the life of even the smallest insect, to rob, to commit adultery, and to use spirituous and intoxicating liquors. by our regulations we are allowed to eat rice but once in a day.” on hearing the explanations given by the two strangers, the people of thaton were quieted. they received them with kindness, and treated them with great respect. by the power inherent in the two religious, the sea-biloo was put to flight, and was seen no longer. the king and the people, grateful for the service they had received, and delighted with the new doctrine preached to them, accepted joyfully the five precepts, and promised to observe them. an immense number of men and women were converted. among the new converts, a great many embraced the religious life.

king thiri-mathauka was informed that, a little while after gaudama’s death, a rahan, named gambawatti, had brought thirty-three teeth of buddha, and deposited them in a dzedi upon the mount inda-danoo, which lies north-east of thaton. moreover, he had heard that after the eighth season, gaudama had gone to mitila. whilst he dwelt into that place, it happened that a certain rahan came to remember of some of his relatives whom he had known during a former existence. he saw them living in thaton. he then earnestly supplicated his great master to condescend to go to that place and preach the law to his relatives. gaudama, complying with the request, resorted thither through the air, attended by a great retinue. he preached the law, and previous to his[145] departure, gave to the ruler of thaton eight hairs of his head. relying on the accuracy of the information, thiri-mathauka felt a great desire to find out the precious relics, in order to have them distributed in eleven towns of henzawatti, in eleven towns of kouthein, and in eleven towns of mouttama. these three countries constitute what is called ramagnia. all happened agreeably to his wishes. the relics were duly found on mount inda-danoo, in the very dzedi in which they had been enshrined, and were distributed in the various towns, as above mentioned. it is probable that there occurred at thaton the same curious fact which we know to have taken place in ceylon, viz.: religion was propagated at first by the means of oral tradition.

the first one who made an attempt to possess himself of a copy of the sacred scriptures was buddhagosa, a religious of thaton, of the pounha race. that man embarked at thaton, which was then on or near the sea. that place is in the ramagnia country, and is inhabited by a people called moun. he sailed to ceylon in the year of religion 943,[38] under the reign of king mahanama. he resided three years on that island, wrote the pitagat on palm leaves with the burmese characters which was found written in the language and characters of ceylon. in another manuscript we read that he translated into pali the scriptures which were in the language of ceylon. buddhagosa remained three years in ceylon, in order to complete the work he had undertaken. during his stay in that island the people were so much pleased with him that they made him many and costly presents on his leaving their country. he brought over with him to souwana-boumi, which is in the ramagnia country, a complete collection of the scriptures.

in or about the year of the pagan era 419,[39] the forty-second, some say, the forty-fourth king of pagan, named[146] anaurata, having invaded the ramagnia country, possessed himself of the moun’s territories and entered triumphant into the venerable city of thaton. he took away from that place the collection of scriptures brought over from ceylon by buddhagosa, as well as the most learned among the rahans. with the aid of these distinguished rahans, religion was then firmly established in pagan. he became master of the whole of the ramagnia country, which includes henzawatti, mouttama, and kouthein.

we have alluded briefly to the reconciliation that has taken place in ceylon between the three great schools. two of them, the bayagiri and the dzetawon, merged into the great mahawihara school, which had always held up the orthodox doctrines. in the year that followed that event—that is to say, in the year of religion 1714 of the pagan’s era 522[40]—many rahans, natives of thaton, pagan and other places in ramagnia, attended by a large retinue, crossed over to ceylon for the express purpose of worshipping the relics and the bodi tree, and making themselves perfectly acquainted with the genuine doctrine and discipline. as a matter of course, they joined the mahawihara school. they remained on that island during nearly one year. one of the party, named tsapada, who was but a young samane, was raised to the dignity of patzin, according to the rules and regulations adopted by the mahawihara. the party, having performed their devotions, and penetrated themselves with the spirit of the community in which they had spent a year, returned to their countries. the young religious, who had been but recently ordained, applied to his superior and obtained permission to remain behind in ceylon for the purpose of studying the pitagat and mastering its contents.

[147]

after ten years of unwearied application he went back with four companions, named maheinda, thiwali, ananda, and rahula. after their landing in the neighbourhood of cape negrais, they spent a year in kouthein, and finally reached pagan in the eighth year of the reign of king narapati-sisoo of the pagan era 534 = to 1173 a.d. in this manner, by the exertions of those five religious, the religion of ceylon was firmly established and set up in pagan. in this manner the doctrines and institutions preached and set up in ceylon by maheinda and his companions were blended with the doctrines and institutions which the venerable thauna and outtara had established in thaton. both flourished in pagan and were much extended.[41]

the brilliant and glorious reign of narapati-sisoo was soon followed by a series of misfortunes, which contributed to the weakening of his great empire, and finally brought on its total overthrow. pagan was taken by foreign invaders. in the midst of such calamities three noblemen, named radzasingian, asinkara, and sihasoo, set themselves up as kings, the first in miyntsain, the second in pekkara, and the third in pinlay, in the year 662 = to 1301 a.d. the king of miyntsain, having treacherously enticed kiantza, the king of pagan, to visit him in his new capital, detained him under various pretexts, and finally had him murdered. thaunit, the son of kiantza, hearing of his father’s detention, ascended the throne of[148] pagan, and reigned twenty-two years. he was succeeded by his brother mouhnit, who reigned forty-three years. with him ended the line of pagan kings in 730 = to 1369 a.d.

sihasoo, the king of pinlay, reigned in that place twelve years, and in 684 removed the seat of royalty to panya. in that place there were successively five kings, whose aggregate number of years on the throne amounts to fifteen.

one son of sihasoo, named athinkara-dzau-goun, established royalty in tsitkain in 684 = to 1323 a.d. under the reign of his son and successor, named thirimega, a canine tooth of gaudama was brought to tsitkain. the king had the precious relic placed in a golden casket, and enshrined in a turret of his palace. he daily worshipped it.

thirimega having died, his two sons dzeta and tissa quarrelled about the crown. neither of them ever had the title of king; both of them oppressed the country during nine years. the son of dzeta, named budadasa, became king, and reigned during twenty-nine years. it was under the reign of that monarch that five venerable religious, who were well versed in the science of the pitagat, translated the whole compilation, which was in sanscrit, into the language of ceylon (pali).[42]

tsitkain ceased to be a royal residence in 725 = to 1364 a.d., and in the following year the city of ava was founded on the sixth of the waxing moon of tabaong, on a tuesday at noon, under the constellation pounna-pha-shou.

on the following year, mouhnit, king of pagan, died at the age of sixty-four, after a reign of forty-three years, with whom ended the line of the pagan monarchs. in the great city of ava religion greatly flourished, and in 1134[149] = to 1773 a.d., this book was composed[43] in the province of dybayen.

[150]

for the purpose of creating and increasing feelings of affection towards the most excellent buddha,[44] who is[151] greater than the three rational beings, towards his glorious perfections, as well as the law and the assembly, i have, to the best of my abilities, endeavoured to translate from the pali into burmese the sacred book called malla-linkara-wouttoo, or history of the most excellent flower.