it is of the utmost importance to individuals and to society that attention should be watchfully bestowed upon children, both with respect to their health and their morals. their future welfare in life depends upon this, and the important charge falls greatly upon the mother. her first lesson—their talent being only imitation—should be that of obedience, mildly enforced; for, reason being the faculty of comparing ideas already presented to the mind, it cannot exist in a child, to whom few or no ideas have been presented. then follow lessons of truth, sincerity, industry, honesty. it ought to be impressed upon their minds that, though they are young, yet the longest life is only like a dream; and, short as it is, it is rendered shorter by all the time lost in wickedness, contention, and strife. they ought to be taught that all they can do, while they sojourn in this world, is to live honourably, and to take every care that the soul shall return to the being who gave it as pure, unpolluted, and spotless as possible; and that there can be no happiness in this life, unless they hold converse with god.

with respect to the health of children, i fear the present management is not right. the mistaken indulgence of parents, in pampering and spoiling the appetites of children, lays the foundation of a permanent train of diseases, which an endless supply of medicines and nostrums will never restore to its pristine vigour. skilful medical aid may, indeed, be of use, but nothing is so sure as a recurrence to a plain diet, temperance, and exercise. the next obstacle to remedy, i fear, will not be easily removed; for it is built upon the prejudices of mothers themselves, dictated by notions of fashion and gentility which have taken a deep root. when folly has given the fashion, she is a persevering dame, and “folly ever dotes upon her darling.” instead of impressing upon the minds of girls the importance of knowing household affairs, and other useful knowledge, and cultivating cheerfulness and affability along with the courtesies of life, they must undergo a training to befit them for appearing in frivolous company. to insure this, the mother, or some boarding school mistress, insists that these delicate young creatures be tightened up in a shape-destroying dress, and sit and move in graceful stiffness. they must not spring about or make use of their limbs, lest it might be called romping, and might give them so vulgar, so robust, and so red-cheeked a look that they would not appear like ladies. the consequence of this is, that they become like hot-house plants;—the air must not blow upon them;—and, in this state, they must attend routs and balls, and midnight assemblies, which send numbers of them to an untimely grave.[36] if they survive these trials, still they leave behind a want of health and vigour, which hangs upon them through life, and they become the nerveless outcasts of nature. they are then unfit to become the mothers of englishmen; they twine out a life of ennui, and their generation dies out. i have all my life been grieved to find this description too often realized. it is paying too dear for female accomplishments. it is surely desirable that a change should take place, by which fashionable follies may be narrowed in their boundaries, and a better line drawn out; prescribed by propriety, affability, modesty, and good sense, on which the courtesies of life, and the invaluable embellishments of civilisation, and everything graceful and charming in society, is founded. i wish the ladies of the british isles may set the example, and take the lead in this, so that ignorant rudeness and vulgarity may be banished from the face of the earth.

if i could influence the fair sex, there is one thing to which i would draw their attention; and that is horticulture; and, connected with this, i would recommend them, as far as convenient, to become florists, as this delightful and healthy employment,—which has been long enough in the rude hands of men—would entice them into the open air, stimulate them to exertion, and draw them away from their sedentary mode of life, mewed up in close rooms, where they are confined like nuns. this would contribute greatly to their amusement, and exhilarate their spirits. every sensible man should encourage the fair sex to follow this pursuit. what would this world be without their help, to alleviate its burdens? it would appear a barren waste. it would no longer be a wide-spread garden of eden, nor an earthly paradise within the reach of our enjoyments. may the fruits and flowers of it, reared and presented by their fair hands, ever operate as a charm in ensuring the attentions and unabating regard of all men! and of all good men it will. in thus dictating to them, no embarrassment can follow; and, if they ever know of the liberty i thus have taken, it will probably be when all embarrassments are, with me, at an end. and i can only further leave behind me a wish that health may eternally blush their cheeks, and virtue their minds.

next in consideration to the ladies,—who they must in courtesy follow,—are the freeholders of this favoured land. such of these as, by their attainments, arrive at the degree of gentlemen, are, or ought to be, the pride and glory of every civilised country in the world. placed in opulence and independence, they are, and must be looked up to as, the patrons of every virtue in the people, who, in their station of life, may need such help to encourage them. may gentlemen never lose sight of this important duty, and ever be able to stem the torrent of gambling and dissipation; so that their ancient mansions may remain in their names for ever, as pledges of their worth, and as ornaments to the country. without their countenance, arts and sciences, and artisans, would languish, industry would be paralyzed, and barbarism again rear its benumbed hands and stupid head. it is to be hoped that the business of their wine vaults, their horses, and their dogs, may cease to be the main business of their lives, and only be looked to as matters of amusement wherewith to unbend their minds. and, as no man can, while he is in possession of his faculties, rest in happiness unless he is exercising them, and some hobby-horse must engage his attention, it therefore becomes a question for their consideration in what way they can best employ themselves. i would earnestly recommend that gentlemen should endeavour to improve their lands, and lay the foundation of fertilising them: and instead of spending—perhaps squandering—their money in follies abroad, as far as possible, spend it at home. the late good and wise first lord ravensworth used to say, there was nothing grateful but the earth. “you cannot,” said he, “do too much for it; it will continue to pay tenfold the pains and labour bestowed upon it.” estates so managed would then exhibit the appearance of clean-weeded nurseries. as an act of justice due to the industrious farmer, he ought, on entering upon his lease, to have his farm valued, and, when his lease is out, valued again; and, whatever improvements he may have made, ought to be paid for on his leaving. i am well aware that these remarks may not be relished by those whose pride, dictated by the wish to domineer, will not give in to this fair proposal, for fear of the independent spirit it might rear; but it must be allowed that the landlord could come to no loss by it, and that the community would be greatly benefited by the adoption of such a plan. those gentlemen who have moor lands, however exposed and bleak they may be, may yet do something to make them more productive, by enclosing them with dry stone dykes, beset and bound with ivy, and intersected with whin hedges;[37] and this shelter would form a bield for sheep and cattle, and besides would produce grass both in quantity and quality such as never grew there before.

the chief offices which gentlemen and freeholders are called upon to fulfil are, member of parliament, magistrate, and juryman. the first is the most important; but, indeed, in that as well as the others, the requisite ingredients are honesty and intelligence. if we look at the wretched tools which boroughmongers obtrude upon the nation, we may anxiously look to the importance of electing gentlemen who will unceasingly and boldly oppose such men ever being allowed to sit as representatives. but these have already gone far on the road towards paralysing the british constitution, and establishing on its ruins an oligarchy, which is the worst and most odious of all governments.

in the troublesome and gratuitous office of magistrate, great sagacity and penetration are requisite to enable the holders, in their political capacity, to discriminate between stretching too far the, perhaps, ill-defined, and often arbitrary laws, beyond the due bounds prescribed by justice and mercy. they ought to detest being made the tools of despotic acts of corruption, and being like turkish bashaws spread over the provinces. in their civil capacities, matters come more nearly home to them; and in this they have much need of cool deliberation, as well as extreme vigilence, for without these there would be no such thing as living in peace while such numbers of the dregs of the people remain in ignorance and depravity. these latter do not know the meaning of either religion or morality, and it is only the strong arm of the law that can keep people of this description in order. their evidence ought always to be suspected. oaths have little weight: they are so used to them. one of our poets says,—

“of all the nauseous complicated crimes

“which both infest and stigmatise the times,

“there’s none which can with impious oaths compare,

“where vice and folly have an equal share.”

but, bad as these reprobate oaths are, there are others which i think are still worse; and these are the numerous oaths used, and indeed imposed, on so many and on such improper occasions, where omnipotence is impiously appealed to in all the little dirty transactions between man and man. it would be well to remember that an honest man’s word is as good as his oath,—and so is a rogue’s too. surely some remedy might be fallen upon to check these swearing vices; especially perjury, bearing false witness, as well as when a man is proved to have broken his word and his honour.

there is another vice, of an odious complexion, advancing with rapid strides to enormity, which cries aloud to be checked. bad men, with hardened effrontery, only laugh at their breaking down every barrier to modesty and virtue, and thus disrobing innocence, and rendering deformed that which ought to be the brightest feature of civilisation. the crime to which i allude needs only to be examined to convince any one of its cruelty to the fair sex, and its extensively demoralising influence on society. let any man ask himself how he would feel were his daughter or his sister to be betrayed. this question ought to be fairly canvassed. although it will be allowed that men, devoid of honour and modesty, who have let loose their unbridled, bad passions, will not be easily stopped in their career, yet, notwithstanding, this evil may be, by the strong arm of the law, greatly banished from the land, and innate modesty planted in its stead.

all men and women in health, and of good character, ought to be countenanced in marrying; and it is for them to consider whether they can properly rear and educate a family; and, should there be an over-abundant population, then colonisation might be resorted to at the public expense; and this globe will be found large enough to hold additional millions upon millions of people. there are few contracts between human beings which should be more delicate than that of marriage. it is an engagement of the utmost importance to individuals and to society, and which of all others ought to be the most unbiased; for it cannot be attended with honour, nor blessed with happiness, if it has not its origin in mutual affection. the rules to be observed in thus selecting and fixing the choice are few, simple, and easily understood. both males and females, if of unsound constitution, ought to forbear matrimony. it is the duty of every man to endeavour to get a healthy woman for the sake of his children, and an amiable one for his own domestic comfort. the fair sex should observe the like rules. if a woman marries a man who has broken down his constitution by his own dissipation, or has imbibed a tainted one from his parents, she must not be surprised at becoming a nurse to him and his nerveless, puny, offspring. one cannot help wondering at the uncommon pains a gentleman will take in buying a horse, to see that the animal is perfectly sound, and without blemish, and that he should not take the same pains in choosing a wife, which is of infinitely more importance to him. he, perhaps to repair his shattered fortune, will marry any woman if she has plenty of money. she may, indeed, be the innocent heir to the full-charged hereditary diseases of a pair of voluptuous citizens, just as that may happen to be. no gentleman need to look far from his home, to be enabled to meet with an helpmate, possessing every requisite to make him happy; but, if he cannot meet with such a one, or cannot please himself in his own neighbourhood, he had better travel in search of one from land’s end to john o’ groat’s house, than not get a proper partner as the mother of his children.

i have often thought that the children of gentlemen—boys particularly—are too soon put to school under improper restraints, and harassed with education before their minds are fit for it. were they sent to the edge of some moor, to scamper about amongst whins and heather, under the care of some good old man—some mentor—who would teach them a little every day, without embarrassing them—they would there, in this kind of preparatory school, lay in a foundation of health, as well as education. if they were thus allowed to run wild by the sides of burns—to fish, to wade, and to splash in—they would soon find their minds intently employed in sports and pleasures of their own choosing. it would be found that youth so brought up, besides thus working out any little hereditary ailments, would never forget the charms of the country, which would impart to them a flow of spirits through life such as very few, or none, brought up in a town ever know, and, besides this, lay in a strong frame work on which to build a nervous constitution, befitting the habitation of an energetic mind and a great soul. let any one look at the contrast between men thus brought up, and the generality of early-matured lilliputian plants, and he will soon see, with very few exceptions, the difference, both in body and mind, between them.