the present state of wood-engraving as it regards rural subjects.
unmeaning glitter, unprecedented softness, unprincipled novelty, shall sometimes set aside for awhile the truth and simplicity of nature, and the approbation of ages.—life of ryland.
from what has been said in the last chapter, it is obvious that had bewick been but one of a series of wood-engravers during the established period of the art, his merit would have been eminent and peculiar; but when it is recollected that, at one stride, he brought it to comparative perfection, our obligations to him are wonderfully increased.
the direct consequence of his revival of the art is, that we have now tens of thousands of volumes embellished with wood-cuts, and upwards of two hundred engravers in this department. the penny magazine alone is said to pay for its wood-cutting 2000l. per annum. this magazine and some of its cheap cotemporaries have made a peculiar application of this art, which is, in itself, a great national blessing. by stereotyping wood-engravings, they are enabled to strike off any number of copies of them with their letter-press, and by this means, prints of a large size, and of great strength of effect, are made to circulate amongst the people, even to an extent to which the only limits must be those of education. thus are many pictorial subjects placed before the eyes of tens of thousands who could otherwise never have seen them. subjects[342] from the paintings of the old masters; landscapes from every country on the globe, with their peculiar characteristics; prints of ancient and modern buildings; of ancient and modern sculpture; of animals, plants; in fact, every subject of natural or human history, all brought livingly to the sight, and at such an amazingly trivial expense, that the desire of knowledge is, at once, quickened and gratified in a degree of which our fathers had not the most distant idea; nor of the effect of which have we, perhaps, any adequate conception. we feel, however, that it must be full of virtue and happiness. throughout thousands and tens of thousands of cottages shall the eyes which, without these blessed facilities, would never have glanced on anything beyond the objects surrounding their daily life, now gaze in living delight on the magnificent scenes, the beautiful productions of every land and climate; on the stern or fantastic splendour of foreign towns and cities, domes and minarets; on the forms and costumes, the dwellings and implements of the most distant nations; on the animal natures of air, earth, and ocean; on the faces of men who have been the lights, or terrors of the world; of those who have fought for, and thought for, sung for, and died for man and his cause; the spread of knowledge and religion; in fact, for that social and illimitable happiness of which these things are the precursors; a happiness that shall be brought to every house, in city or in desert, to every fireside, however humble.
this is a great and beneficent result, from the union of two noble arts: for whatever tends to embellish human life; to give to toiling men a refining pleasure; to bring them from base excitements and public haunts to the pure and peaceful enjoyments of home; to draw them to their own ingles; to induce them to sit among their children, and delight their eyes with objects of beauty, and feed their growing spirits with those natural facts, in which the wisdom and goodness of god are made so sensible to young minds; whatever does this, does the work of love; the work of human happiness and national greatness. to enlighten the general mass, and at the same time to kindle the noblest feelings of the soul of man, are the sure means to build up the state with true citizens; to protect the people from despotism, and government from popular caprice.
[343]
this, i say, is one great result; yet even this does not seem to me the highest legitimate province of the art. it is obvious that prints of the kind described—of buildings, portraits, or historic scenes, must after all come from metal with greater perfection than from wood. to most subjects metal gives a richness and delicacy that wood can never equal. wood can give great strength and boldness, but accompanied nevertheless with something of hardness and constraint. it is only the power of striking off prints with the letter-press which gives wood that admirable advantage over metal of which i have been speaking. it becomes, in that case, a substitute for metal, where metal could not be used without defeating the ultimate object by its expense. there it is merely a good substitute for metal. but there is one department in which it is superior even to metal; and that is in such vignette representations of rural life and scenery as bewick has used it in. here it triumphs over metal; for it does not here require so much brilliance, or richness, or extreme delicacy, as a certain homely beauty belonging to rustic objects. the beauty of nature does not consist in showiness and dazzling lustre, so much as in pleasing colours, a simple grace of form, and a certain roughness and opacity of surface, on which the eye can rest longer without fatigue than on more polished substances. now it is in these qualities that bewick’s engravings abound. he is sacredly faithful to nature. he catches at once the spirit of the country and of its wild denizens. he is simple, beautiful, but not glaring;—nature is never so.
yet amongst all our wood-engravers,—and many of them are continually employed on rural subjects,—it is as true as it may seem astonishing, that there is not one of them who can bear a moment’s comparison with bewick as a delineator of rural life. this is owing to no deficiency of talent—we have many artists of the highest talent—it is owing to other causes. if it seem surprising that no one, from the time of bewick’s restoration of the art to the present moment, should have equalled him in the representation of nature, it is not more surprising than that from the time of milton to that of cowper no one wrote good blank verse; that with milton’s free and natural majesty as a model before them, we should have had nothing better than the stilted[344] stiffness of akenside, and the pompous inflations and ungrammatical distortions of thomson. the same causes in both cases have produced the same effect. our artists, like the poets, have forsaken nature herself, to study and imitate one another. while our artists are employed to depict nature, they are living in our mighty capital, cut off from the very face of nature. they have full employ; for the eyes of those for whom they labour are not more familiar with the country than their own. dash and meretricious show captivate the multitude, and therefore dash and show are given in abundance; the wondering lover of nature looks for her in vain. the ambitious and frippery taste of the age is stamped on all the most excellent productions of what should be the rustic burin. we now and then see a better spirit; things overflowing with talent; and on the very verge of nature. such are some of the beautiful recent illustrations of gray’s elegy, chevy-chace, aiken’s calendar of the year, knight’s pictorial shakspeare, the bold sketches in hone’s table-book, and the elegant ones in some of their books for the young published by darton and clark, tegg, and others: but, in general, our most skilful artists are not contented with the simplicity of nature; they want better bread than can be made of wheat. hence while they are admired in cities, bewick reigns sole and triumphant all through the country.
but how is this to be remedied? as i have said, we have talent and manual skill equal to any thing; what we want are purer designs,—designs, in fact, from nature! we want subjects drawn from the same source that bewick drew them. i do not mean that our artists should imitate bewick; no, that they should imitate nature,—the true, the beautiful, the unambitious. had bewick lived a thousand years, he would every day have seen some new subject, some new features, in the everlasting changes and combinations that surround the fixed spirit of the universe. we have pupils of his—harvey and nesbit in particular, and why do not they, with their high talent, produce the same genuine nature? the answer is obvious. they are citizens. they have abandoned the daily cognizance of nature; they have taken a directly opposite course to bewick. he was an inseparable companion of nature from his boyhood. all his life long he was[345] watching after, and pursuing her into her most hidden retirements. to him
high mountains were a feeling, but the hum
of human cities torture.
he had tried the life of london, but he could not bear it. his soul was robbed of its nourishment. he was shut up, blinded, famished in that huge wilderness of stone; dinned by that eternal chaos of confused sounds. he gasped for the free air; he pined for the dews; for the solemn roar of the ocean; for the glories of rising and setting suns. his father when he sent him from his country home at cherryburn, to be apprenticed to mr. bielby at newcastle, said to him at parting—“now thomas, thou art going to lead a different life to what thou hast led here: thou art going from constant fresh air and activity, to the closeness of a town and a sedentary occupation: thou must be up in a morning, and get a run.” and thomas followed faithfully, for it chimed exactly with his own bent, his father’s injunction. every morning, rain or shine, often without his hat, and his bushy head of black hair ruffling in the wind, he would be seen scampering up the street towards the country; and the opposite neighbours would cry—“there goes bielby’s fond boy.” these morning excursions he kept up during his life; and they did not suffice him. after the expiration of his apprenticeship, he roamed far and wide through the glorious and soul-embuing scenery of scotland. year after year, and day after day, it was his delight to stroll over heaths and moors, by sedgy pools and running waters. he saw bird, beast, and fish, from his hidden places, in all the freedom of their wild life. he saw the angler casting his line; the fowler setting his net and his springes; the farmer’s boy amusing his solitude, when
he strolled, the lonely crusoe of the fields—
prowling after water-fowl amid the reedy haunts; watching the flight of birds with greedy eyes; lighting fires under the screening hedge, and collecting sticks for fuel, and blowing them on hands and knees into a flame. such were his loves, his studies, his perpetual occupations; and to have similar results, we must have persons of a similar passion and pursuit. we must have[346] designers; for we have plenty of manual dexterity, capable of executing any design to the minutest shade,—we must have designers in whom nature is, at once, an appetite, a perpetual study, and quenchless delight. landscape painters we have of this character. turner, with his gorgeous creations; copley fielding, with his heaths and downs, in which miles of space are put upon a few feet of canvass, and that soul of solitude poured upon you in a gallery, which you before encountered only in the heart of living nature; collins, with his exquisite sea-sides and rustic pieces; hunt, with his really rustic characters; barrett, with his sunsets; stanfield, cattermole, and others. we want a designer of wood-cuts of a similar character. what scenes of peerless beauty and infinite variety might an individual give us, who would devote himself, heart and soul, to this object; who would ramble all through the varied and beautiful scenery of these glorious islands at successive intervals; who would pedestrianize in simple style; who would stroll along our wild shores; amongst our magnificent hills; prowl in fens and forests with fowlers and keepers; and seek refreshment by the fireside of the wayside inn; and take up his temporary abode in obscure and old-fashioned villages. such a man might send into our metropolis, and thence, through the aid of the engravers, to every part of the kingdom, such snatches of natural loveliness, such portions of rural scenery and rural life, as should make themselves felt to be the genuine product of nature—for nature will be felt, and kindle a purer taste and a stronger affection for the country.
i am not insensible to all the difficulties which lie in the way of such a devotion; nor that such a scheme will be pronounced chimerical by those who, at a far slighter cost, can please a less informed taste: but till we have such a man, we shall not have a second bewick; and till such a mode of study is, more or less, adopted, we shall never have that love of the genuine country gratified, which assuredly and extensively exists.
since writing the foregoing remarks, it is with great pleasure that i have seen the arts of designing and wood-engraving beginning to separate themselves, and that of designing for the wood-engravers taking its place as a distinct profession.[15] harvey,[347] browne, sargent, lambert, gilbert, and melville, have for some time been designers of this description. this important step has only to be followed up by designers in the manner pointed out in this chapter, to insure that complete return to nature which is so much to be desired, and where such an exhaustless field of beauty and life awaits the observant artist, as would place the present pre-eminent manual skill of our wood-engravers in its true and well-merited position.
[15] the london and westminster review, august, 1838, in an article on wood-engraving, very judiciously suggested that it was an art well calculated for the pursuit of ladies, and one which they might convert not only into a source of profit to themselves, but of public advantage. no doubt of it. it is an art simple and of easy acquisition. but why not ladies who are good sketchers become designers for wood-cuts at once? they have all the requisite qualifications already in their hands; and what fresh and original treasures of taste and fancy are now slumbering, lost to the world, which they might embellish, in the minds and portfolios of ladies. so vastly is the demand for wood-engravings every day growing, that nothing is more difficult than to obtain designs, or when obtained to get them cut. ladies, therefore, who have a genius for design, would soon find their value amongst the publishers; and while the profession of a designer is both elegant and feminine, how much more independent, and much less laborious, it would be than needlework, or the duties and position of a governess.
