the battle of the nile.
after napoleon bonaparte had effected his landing in egypt, the french fleet was permitted to remain at alexandria for some time, and thus afforded nelson the opportunity he had sought for so long.
for many previous days he had been almost unable, from anxiety, to take sleep or food, but now he ordered dinner to be served, while preparations were being made for battle, and when his officers rose to leave the table, he said to them:—
“before this time to-morrow, i shall have gained a peerage or westminster abbey.”
the french had found it impossible to enter the neglected and ruined port of alexandria. admiral brueys had, by command of napoleon, offered a reward of 10,000 livres to any native pilot who would safely convey the squadron in, but not one was found who would venture to take charge of a single vessel that drew more than twenty feet. the gallant admiral was compelled, therefore, to anchor in aboukir bay, and chose the strongest position that was possible in the circumstances. he ranged his ships in a compact line of battle, in such a manner that the leading vessel lay close to a shoal, while the remainder of the fleet formed a curve along the line of deep water so that it was thought to be impossible to turn it by any means in a south westerly direction, and some of the french, who were best able to judge, said that they held a position so strong that they could bid defiance to a force more than double their own. the presumption was not unreasonable, for the french had the advantage of the english in ships, guns, and men, but they had omitted to take into their calculations the fact that the english fleet was commanded by one whose promptitude in action, readiness and eccentricity of resource, and utter disregard of consequences when what he deemed the path to victory lay before him, might have been equalled; but certainly could not have been surpassed, by bonaparte himself.
the french force consisted of thirteen ships of the line and four frigates, carrying in all 1196 guns and 11,230 men. the english had thirteen ships of the line and a fifty-gun ship, carrying in all 1012 guns and 8068 men. all the english line-of-battle ships were seventy-fours. three of the french ships carried eighty-eight guns, and one, l’orient, was a monster three-decker with 120 guns.
in order to give the reader a better idea of the forces engaged on both sides, we give the following list of ships. it is right, however, to add that one of those belonging to the english (the culloden) ran aground on a shoal when about to go into action, and took no part in the fight.
english ships.
names commanders guns men
1. vanguard admiral nelson, captain berry 74 595
2. minotaur thos. louis 74 640
3. theseus r.w. millar 74 590
4. alexander a.j. ball 74 590
5. swiftsure b hallowell 74 590
6. audacious d gould 74 590
7. defence j peyton 74 590
8. zealous s hood 74 590
9. orion sir james saumarez 74 590
10. goliath thomas foley 74 590
11. majestic g.b. westcott 74 590
12. bellerophon h.d.e. darby 74 590
13. culloden t trowbridge 74 590 not engaged
14. leander t.b. thomson 50 343
15. la mutine, brig
french ships.
names commanders guns men
1. l'orient admiral brueys 120 1010 burnt
2. le franklin 80 800 taken
3. le tonnant 80 800 taken
4. le guillaume tell 80 800 escaped
5. le conquerant 74 700 taken
6. le spartiate 74 700 taken
7. l'aquilon 74 700 taken
8. le souverain peuple 74 700 taken
9. l'heureux 74 700 taken
10. le timoleon 74 700 burnt
11. le mercure 74 700 taken
12. le genereux 74 700 escaped
13. le guerrier 74 600 taken
14. la diane (frigate) 48 300 escaped
15. la justice (frigate) 44 300 escaped
16. l'artemise (frigate) 36 250 burnt
17. la serieux (frigate) 36 250 dismasted, sunk
such were the forces that met to engage in deadly conflict on the 1st of august 1798, with not only national but world-wide interest pending on the issue, for the battle of the nile was one of the leading battles of the world.
when nelson perceived the position of the enemy, his fertile and active mind at once evolved a characteristic course of action. where there was room, he said, for an enemy’s ship to swing, there was room for one of his to anchor. he therefore at once formed the plan of doubling on the french ships, stationing one of his ships on the bow and another on the quarter of each of the enemy.
nelson immediately explained his intended course to his officers. it had been his custom during the whole time he was engaged in searching for the french fleet, to have his captains as frequently as possible on board the vanguard, when he explained to them his opinions as to the best mode of attack in all the various positions in which it was possible or probable that the enemy might be found. hence they knew their commander’s tactics so well, that when the hour for action arrived, no time was lost in the tedious operation of signalling orders. he had such confidence in all his officers, that after thoroughly explaining his intended plan of attack, he merely said to them, “form as is most convenient for mutual support, and anchor by the stern. first gain the victory, and then make the best use of it you can.”
when captain berry, perceiving the boldness of the plan, said, “if we succeed, what will the world say?” nelson replied, “there is no if in the case; that we shall succeed is certain: who may live to tell the story is a very different question!”
nelson possessed in an eminent degree the power of infusing into his men the irresistible confidence that animated his own bosom. there was probably not a man in the british fleet who did not sail into aboukir bay on that memorable day with a feeling of certainty that the battle was as good as gained before it was begun. the cool, quiet, self-possessed manner in which the british tars went to work at the beginning must have been very impressive to the enemy; for, as they advanced, they did not even condescend to fire a shot in reply to the storm of shot and shell to which the leading ships were treated by the batteries on an island in the bay, and by the broadsides of the whole french fleet at half gunshot-range, the men being too busily engaged in furling the sails aloft, attending to the braces below, and preparing to cast anchor!
nelson’s fleet did not all enter the bay at once, but each vessel lost no time in taking up position as it arrived; and as, one after another, they bore down on the enemy, anchored close alongside, and opened fire, the thunder of the french fleet was quickly and increasingly augmented by the british, until the full tide of battle was reached, and the shores of egypt trembled under the incessant rolling roar of dreadful war; while sheets of flame shot forth and rent the thick clouds which enwrapped the contending fleets, and hung incumbent over the bay.
an attempt was made by a french brig to decoy the english ships towards a shoal before they entered aboukir bay, but it failed because nelson either knew the danger or saw through the device.
it seemed as if the zealous (captain hood) was to have the honour of commencing the action, but captain foley passed her in the goliath, and successfully accomplished that feat which the french had deemed impossible, and had done their best to guard against. instead of attacking the leading ship—the guerrier—outside, he sailed round her bows, passed between her and the shore, and cast anchor. before he could bring up, however, he had drifted down to the second ship of the enemy’s line—the conquerant—and opened fire. it had been rightly conjectured that the landward guns of the enemy would not be manned, or even ready for action. the goliath, therefore, made short and sharp work of her foe. in ten minutes the masts of the conquerant were shot away! the zealous was laid alongside the guerrier, and in twelve minutes that vessel was totally disabled. next came the orion (sir j. saumarez), which went into action in splendid style. perceiving that a frigate lying farther inshore was annoying the goliath, she sailed towards her, giving the guerrier a taste of her larboard guns as long as they would bear upon her, then dismasted and sunk the frigate, hauled round towards the french line, and anchoring between the franklin and the souverain peuple, received and returned the fire of both.
in like manner the audacious (captain gould) justified her name by attacking the guerrier and conquerant at once, and, when the latter struck passed on to the souverain peuple.
the unfortunate guerrier was also worthy of her title, for she bore the brunt of the battle. every ship that passed her appeared to deem it a duty to give her a broadside before settling down to its particular place in the line, and finding its own special antagonist or antagonists—for several of the english ships engaged two of the enemy at once. the theseus (captain miller), after bringing down the main and mizzen-masts of the guerrier, anchored inside the spartiate and engaged her.
meanwhile, on the other side of this vessel, nelson’s ship, the vanguard, bore down on the foe with six flags flying in different parts of the rigging, to guard against the possibility of his colours being shot away! she opened a tremendous fire on the spartiate at half pistol-range. the muscular british tars wrought with heroic energy at the guns. in a few minutes six of these guns, which stood on the fore-part of the vanguard’s deck, were left without a man, and three times afterwards were these six guns cleared of men—so terrific was the fire of the enemy.
other four of the british vessels sailed ahead of the vanguard and got into action. one of these—the bellerophon (captain darby)—engaged the gigantic l’orient, which was so disproportionately large that the weight of ball from her lower deck alone exceeded that from the whole broadside of her assailant. the result was that the bellerophon was overpowered, 200 of her men were killed or wounded, all her masts and cables were shot away, and she drifted out of the line. her place, however, was taken by the swiftsure, which not only assailed the l’orient on the bow, but at the same time opened a steady fire on the quarter of the franklin.
before this time, however, the shades of night had fallen on the scene. the battle began at half-past six in the evening—half-an-hour afterwards daylight was gone, and the deadly fight was lighted only by the lurid and fitful flashing of the guns.
those vessels of the english squadron which happened to be in rear were some leagues astern when the fight began, and it was so dark when they entered that extreme difficulty was experienced in getting in. one of these—the culloden (captain trowbridge)—sounded carefully as she went, but got aground, where she remained helpless during the action, despite the efforts of the leander and la mutine brig to get her off. she served, however, as a beacon to the alexander and swiftsure.
the latter ship, on entering the bay, fell in with the drifting and disabled bellerophon, which was at first supposed to be one of the enemy, because she did not show the signal ordered by nelson to be hoisted by his ships at the mizzen peak. this arose, of course, from the masts having been shot away. captain hallowell wisely refrained from firing on her, saying that, if she was an enemy, she was too much disabled to escape. he passed on, therefore, and, as we have said, took the station and the duty from which the other had been driven.
the huge l’orient was now surrounded. captain ball, in the alexander, anchored on her larboard quarter, and, besides raking her with his guns, kept up a steady fire of musketry on her decks. captain thomson also, in the leander, took up such a position that he could fire into her and the franklin at the same time.
standing in the midst of death and destruction, the hero of the nile did not escape scathless. he remained unhurt, however, until he knew that victory was certain. the first and second ships of the enemy’s line were disabled, as we have said, at the commencement of the action, and the third, fourth, and fifth were taken between eight and nine; so that nelson could not have much, if any, doubt as to the issue of the battle.
suddenly he received a wound on the head from a piece of langridge shot, and fell into the arms of captain berry. a large flap of skin was cut from the bone and fell over his sound eye,—the other having been lost in a previous engagement. the flow of blood was very great, and, being thus totally blinded, he thought that he had received a mortal wound. he was immediately carried down to the cockpit.
the cockpit of a man-of-war lies in that part of the ship which is below water, and is never visited by the light of day. being safe also from the visitation of shot or shell, it has been selected as the place to which the wounded are conveyed during an action to have their wounds dressed and limbs amputated by the surgeons—whose hands at such seasons are, as may easily be supposed, much too full. no pen can describe adequately the horrors of that dimly-lighted place, with its flickering lights, glittering knives, bloody tables and decks, and mangled men, whose groans of agony burst forth in spite of their utmost efforts to repress them. here, in the midst of dead, dying, and suffering men, the great admiral sat down to wait his turn.
the surgeon was engaged in dressing the wounds of a sailor when he was brought down. on learning who it was that required his services, he quitted the man who was under his hands. “no,” said nelson, refusing his proffered assistance, “no; i will take my turn with my brave fellows.” accordingly, there he remained, persistently refusing aid, until every man who had been previously wounded had been attended to! when his turn came, it was found that his wound was merely superficial and heartfelt was the joy expressed by the wounded men and the crew of the vanguard when this was made known.
but before this had been ascertained, and while he believed himself to be dying, nelson called the chaplain, and gave him his last remembrance to lady nelson, appointed a successor to captain berry, who was to go to england with the news of the victory, and made other arrangements in anticipation of his death. but his hour had not yet come. when the surgeon pronounced his hurt to be superficial, he refused to take the rest which was recommended, and at once sent for his secretary to write despatches.
while he was thus engaged, a cry was heard which rose above the din of battle, proclaiming that the l’orient was on fire. in the confusion that followed, nelson found his way upon deck unassisted, and, to the astonishment of every one, appeared on the quarter-deck, and gave orders to lower the boats, and send relief to the enemy.
but before describing the scene that followed, we shall turn aside for a little to watch more closely the proceedings of captain westcott in the majestic, and the personal deeds of bill bowls and his messmates.
