it is all part of that subtle relation between the observer and the landscape of the west, which goes by the name of "atmosphere," that one returns again and again to the reality of christian feeling in the franciscan pioneers, as witnessed by the names they left us—one of the most charming proofs, if proof were wanted, of the power of religion to illuminate the mind to a degree often denied to generations of art and culture. how many book-fed tourists rounding the blue ranks of san jacinto to face the noble front of the coast range as it swings back from the san gabriel valley, would have found for it a name at once so absolute, so understanding as sierra madre, mother mountain?
there you have it all in one comprehensive sweep: the brooding, snow-touched, virginal peaks, [28] visited and encompassed by the sacred spirit of the sea, and below it the fertile valley, the little huddling, skirting hills fed from her breast. the very lights that die along the heights, the airs that play there, the swelling fecund slopes, have in them something so richly maternal; the virtue of the land is the virtue that we love most in the mothers of men. and if you want facts under the poetry, see how the sierra receives the rain and sends it down laden with the rich substance of her granite bosses, making herself lean to fatten the valleys. the great gorges and swift angles of the hills which fade and show in the evening glow, are wrought there by the ceaseless contribution of the mountain to the tillable land. and what a land it has become! there have been notable kingdoms of the past of fewer and less productive acres. yet even in the great avenues of palms that flick the light a thousand ways from their wind-stirred, serrate edges, is a reminder of the host of bristling, spiny growth the land once entertained. it is as if the sinister forces of the desert lurked somewhere not far under the surface, ready at any moment to retake all this wonder of fertility, should the beneficence of the mother mountain fail. the padre pioneers must have felt these [29] two contending forces many a time when they lay down at night under the majestic sierra, for they named the first spot where they made an abiding place, in honour of the protecting influence, nuestro señora, reina de los angeles, our lady the queen of the angels. there she hovered, snow-whitened amid tall candles of the stars, while south and west the coyote barked the menace of the unwatered lands. now this is remarkable, and one of the things that go to show we are vastly more susceptible to influences of nature than some hard-headed members of society suppose, that in this group of low hills and shallow valleys between the sierra madre and the sea, the most conspicuous human achievement has been a new form of domestic architecture.
this is the thing that most strikes the attention of the traveller: not the orchards and the gardens, which are not appreciably different in kind from those of the riviera and some favoured parts of italy, but the homes, the number of them, their extraordinary adaptability to the purposes of gracious living. the angelenos call them bungalows, in respect to the type from which the later form developed, but they deserve a name as distinctive as they have in character [30] become. these little thin-walled dwellings, all of desert-tinted native woods and stones, are as indigenous to the soil as if they had grown up out of it, as charming in line and the perfection of utility as some of those wild growths which show a delicate airy florescence above ground, but under it have deep, man-shaped, resistant roots. with their low and flat-pitched roofs they present a certain likeness to the aboriginal dwellings which the franciscans found scattered like wasps' nests among the chaparral along the river,—which is only another way of saying that the spirit of the land shapes the art that is produced there.
one must pause a little by the dry wash of this river, so long ago turned into an irrigating ditch that it is only in seasons of unusual flood it remembers its ancient banks, and finds them, in spite of all that real estate agencies have done to obliterate such natural boundaries. this river of los angeles betrays the streak of original desertness in the country by flowing bottom-side up, for which it receives the name of arroya, and even arroya seca as against the rio of the full-flowing sacramento and san juan. a rio is chiefly water, but an arroya, and especially that one which travels farthest from the mothering mountains toward the sea, is at most [31] seasons of the year a small trickle of water among stones in a wide, deep wash, overgrown with button willow and sycamores that click their gossiping leaves in every breath of wind or in no wind at all. tiny gold and silver backed ferns climb down the banks to drink, and as soon as the spring freshet has gone by, brodiæas and blazing stars come up between the boulders worn as smooth as if by hand.
farther up, where the stream narrows, it is overgrown by willows, alders, and rock maples, and leaps white-footed into brown pools for trout. deer drink at the shallows, and it is not so long ago that cinnamon bear and grizzlies tracked the wet clay of its borders. this is the guarantee that this woman-country is in no danger of too much mothering. no climate which is acceptable to trout and grizzlies is in the least likely to prove enervating; men and beasts, they run pretty much to the same vital, sporting qualities.
all that country which extends from the foot of the sierra madre to the sea, is so cunningly patterned off with ranks of low hills and lomas that its vastness is disguised, or rather revealed by subtle change and swift surprises as a discreet woman reveals her charms. this renders it one of [32] the most delightful of motoring countries. the car swings over a perfect road into snug little orchard nooks as safe and secret seeming as a nest, climbs a round-breasted hill to greet the wide horizon of the sea, or a mesa stretching away into blue and amber desertness, which when adventured upon, discloses in unsuspected hollows white, peaceful towns girt by great acres of orange groves, or the orderly array of vines trimmed low and balancing like small, wide-skirted figures in a minuet. and then the ground opens suddenly to deep, dry gullies where little handfuls of the grey soil gather themselves up and scuttle mysteriously under the cactus bushes, and dried seeds of the megarrhiza rattle with a muffled sound as the pods blow about. here one meets occasionally the last survivors of the old way of life before men found it: neotoma, the house-building rat, with his conical heap of rubbish; or a road runner, tilting his tail and practising his short, sharp runs in the powdery sand under the rabbit brush; here, too, the lurking desert shows its spiny tips like a creature half-buried in the sand, not dead, but drowsing.
a eucalyptus grove
as artists know colour, and poets know it, this is the most colourful corner of the world. the blue and silver tones of the sparrow-hawk's land give [33] place to airy violets, fawns, and rich ambers. it is curious, that obstinate preference which a locality has for colour schemes of its own adoption; man can break up and re-form them, but he can never quite overcome the original key. here the bright, instant note of the geraniums that shore up the bungalows, even the insult of the magenta-coloured bougainvillea is subdued by the aerial softness that lies along the hills like the bloom on fruit. the sheets of eschscholtzia gold that once spread over miles of the san gabriel valley, and still linger in torn fragments about altadena, have been sheared by the plough, to vanish and reappear again in the solid globes of orange, distilled from the saps and juices of the soil.
one of the most interesting of the instruments by which the cultivated landscape has gathered up and fixed the evanescent greens that spread thinly yet over the uncropped hills in spring, is the eucalyptus. all the tints are there, from the olive greens of the chaparral to the sombre darkness of the evergreen oak; young shoots of it have the silvery finish of the artemisia which once gave the note of the mesas about riverside and san bernardino. no other imported tree has quite to such a degree the air of the habitué; one [34] wonders indeed if it could have been half so much at home in australia, from whence it has returned like some wandering heir to the ancestral acre.
it proves its blood royal by its facile adaptiveness to the prevailing lines of the landscape, taking the rounded, leaning outline of the live oaks on the wind-driven hills, or in sheltered ravines springing upward straight as the silver firs. perhaps its most charming possibilities are revealed in the middle distance where, lifted high on columnar stems, its leaf crowns take on the blunt, flowing contours of the hills. at all times it has a beautiful resilience to the wind, bowing with a certain courtliness without compulsion, and recovering as if by conscious harmonious movement. the pepper tree, however, most magnificent specimens of which may be found lining the avenues of pasadena, or in some unexpected corner of the hills marking the site of some old spanish hacienda, is always an alien. it is like the spaniards who brought it, perhaps, in its drooping grace, in the careless prodigality with which it sheds its fragile crimson fruits. something of old-worldliness persists in its spicy odours, and in the stir of its lacy shadows; when the moon comes over the mountain wall and the wind is moving, there is the touch of mystery one [35] associates with lovely señoritas leaning out of balconies. one fancies that the pepper tree will last so long as the dying race of dons and doñas, and with them will cease to be a feature of local interest.
there is hardly more than a trace in the modern city of los angeles of nuestra señora, reina de los angeles. the last time i passed through the old plaza, the streets of offence encroached upon it from the east, and a corner of the sacred precinct had been sacrificed to the trolley. the church of our lady, over whose door may still be traced the fading inscription from which the city takes its name, was never a mission, but one of the six chapels or asistencias centred about the mission san gabriel. it was here the first expedition passed northward looking for the port of monterey, on the day of the feast of our lady in the year when the atlantic colonies were making up their minds to fight the english. it was close to this spot and along downey street were enacted the most pitiful of all the tragic incidents which marked the recession of the aboriginal races. bereft of their lands and the protection of their church, they became a prey to the greed of the dominant peoples, and used regularly to be incited to drunkenness upon their wages on sunday, arrested [36] while in that condition, and sold each monday morning for the amount of their fines to the neighbouring ranchers. things like this lurking under the surface of commercial enterprise, as the desert lies in wait in sandy stretches, advise us that much of our insistence on democracy grows out of our inability to trust ourselves to deal equitably with our fellows under any other conditions. we can keep to the rules of the game we have set up more easily than to the unfenced humanities. here in the old plaza full of sleepy light, which still retains the indefinable stamp of the people to whom to-morrow was always a better day for doing things, one sighs for the short-sighted self-interest which so wasted the native children of the soil.
but after all the land couldn't have loved them as it does the race for which it brings forth its miraculous harvests. not that there weren't miracles in those days; in fact they began here, or rather at san gabriel, six miles or so beyond the river which in those days was called porcincula, a name that linked the old world with the new by way of the little chapel in italy in which the beloved francis received such heavenly favours. the miracle of san gabriel relates to a display [37] of a canvas presentiment of our lady, at the mere sight of which the wild tribes experienced exceeding grace. looking up suddenly at the mother mountain brooding above the plain, it is easy to understand how the symbol of aloof but solicitous care came home to the primitive mind, always peculiarly open to suggestions of humaneness in nature.
the heads of the sierra madre are rounded, the contours of great dignity. the appeal it makes to the eye is of mass and line. its charms, and it has many, of forested slope, leaping waters, and lilied meadows, do not offer themselves to the casual glance, but must be sought after with great pains. the bulk of the range is of warm, grey granite, clothed with atmospheric colour as with a garment. it borrows more from the sky than the sea, taking on at times an aerial transparency, the soul of the mountain about to pass trembling into light. pinkish tones are discoverable in even the bluest shadows, and at times the peaks are touched with the rich, roseate orange of the alpine-glow. but the variations of temperature and atmospheric conditions are not sufficiently pronounced to present themselves to the sense as the source of its aspects of tenderness, of majesty, of virginal [38] aloofness. rather such changes seem to be occasioned by palpitations of the mountain spirit, remote in sacred meditation, glowing, dimming, defining itself from within.
it may be that the immense vitality of the land, its abundance, the bursting orchards, the rich variety of native growth, somehow dwarfs the earliest impression of the sierra madre, since few, if any, gather at first an adequate idea of the actual mass and height it represents. it is only after appreciation of the really amazing activities of the angelenos is a little dulled by familiarity, at early morning when the groves are sleeping and the bright plantations of the gardens lack the sun to flash their brilliance on the sight, or at evening when a sea mist covers the teeming land, one is prepared to hear that many of these peaks are higher than the simplon, and that it would be possible to wander for months in the intricacies of its cañons without having time to grow familiar with a single one of them.
sometimes the mere mechanics of the land, the pull of the wind up the narrow gorges as you pass, advises the open mind of power and immensity residing in the thinly forested bulks. passing what appears a mere shadowy gulf in the mountain [39] wall, you are aware of a murmurous sound as of the sea in a shell, and feel suddenly the push of the draught on your windshield like a great steady hand. in places above san bernardino, the steady pouring of invisible wind rivers has swept the soil for miles and defied three generations of artificial plantations. and sometimes the mountain speaks directly to the soul. i recall such an occasion one late spring. we had been skirting the range toward riverside all afternoon, having the fall of the land seaward always in view, noting how, in spite of the absurd predilection of men for square fields and gridiron arrangements, the main lines of cultivation were being pulled into beauty by the sheer necessity of humouring the harvest. it was that lagging hour between the noon splendour and the gathering of the light for its dramatic passage into night. the orange orchards lay dead green in the hollows, unplanted ridges showed scarcely a trace of atmospheric blueness; unlaced, unbuskined, the land rested. and all in the falling of a leaf, in the scuttle of a horned toad in the dust of the roadway, it lifted into eerie life. it bared its teeth; the veil of the mountain was rent. nothing changed, nothing stirred or glimmered, but the land had spoken. as if it had taken a step [40] forward, as if a hand were raised, the mountain stood over us. and then it sank again. while the chill was still on us, the grip of terror, there lay the easy land, the comfortable crops, the red geraniums about the bungalows. but never again for me would the sierra madre be a mere geographical item, a feature of the landscape; it was power, immanent and inescapable. shall not the mother of the land do what she will with it?
entering the cañons of the san gabriel, one is struck with the endearing quality of their charm. in a country which disdains every sort of prettiness, and dares even to use monotony as an element of beauty, as california does, it is surprising to find, cut in the solid granite wall, little dells all laced with fern and saxifrage, and wind swung, frail, flowery bells. little streams come dashing down the runways with an elfin movement, with here and there a miniature fall "singing like a bird," as muir described it, between moss-encrusted banks.
into the open mouths of such cañons have retreated the hosts of wildflowers that once in the wet seasons overran all that country from san bernardino to the sea,—the white sage, most honeyful of all the sages, the poppies, gilias, cream cups, nemophilias which twenty-five years [41] ago were as common as meadow grass, as thick as the planted fields of alfalfa which have usurped them. settlers who came into this country when the trail over the san gorgiono had not yet hardened between iron rails, tell of riding belly deep for miles in wild oats and waving bloom, and where the trail goes out over the san fernando, toward camulas, the yellow mustard reached its scriptural height, and the birds of the air built their nests in it. now and then in very wet years a faint yellow tinge, high up under the bases of the hills, is all that is left of the seed which, by report, the padres sowed along the coastwise trails, to mark where they trod the circuit of the missions.
everywhere within the cañons, honeyful flowers abound, and up from the rocky floors the slopes are stiff with chaparral. this characteristic growth, which, seen from the open valley flooded by dry sun, appears as a mere scurf, a roughened lichen on the mountain wall, is in reality a riot of manzanita, mahogany, ceanothus, cherry and black sage, from ten to fifteen feet high, all but impassable. elsewhere in the ranges to the north, the chaparral is loose enough to admit fern and herbaceous plants, carpeting the earth, but here the rigid, [42] spiny stems contend for three or four feet, thick as the carving in old cathedral choirs, before they attain light and air enough to put forth leaf or twig. on the seaward side of the mountains, miles and miles of this dense growth flow over the ranges, parted here and there by knife-edge ridges, or by huge bosses of country rock, affording a great sweep to the eye, reaching far to seaward. from here the lower country shrinks to its proper proportion—a toy landscape planted with noah's ark trees—and the noise of men is overlaid by the great swells of the pacific which come thundering in, lifting far and faint reverberations along the ranges.
on either side of these vast conning towers it is still possible to trace the indefinite tracks which wild creatures make, running clear and well defined for short distances and then melting unaccountably into the scrub again. occasionally still they discover traces of the wild life in which the sierra madre once abounded. deer are known to take advantage of such natural outlooks in protecting themselves from their natural enemies, and from the evidence of frequent visits here, bears and foxes and bobcats must have made much the same use of them. from such high escarpments [43] the indians would have seen cabrillo's winged boats go by, and from them, all up the coast, ascended the pillars of smoke that attended the galleon of francis drake.
once within the portals of the range, the granite walls sheer away from sequestered parks of oak, madroño, and douglas spruce. the trees are not thickly set here as in the north, but admit of sunny space and murmurous bee pasture between their gracefully contrasting boles, and to a thousand bright-feathered and scaled things unknown to the all-pine or all-redwood forests. such parks or basins vary from a few yards to an acre or two in extent, threaded like beads upon a single stream. one thinks indeed of the old-fashioned "charm string" in which each meadow space has its peculiar virtue:—open sunny shallows, arrowy cascades, troops of lilies standing high as a man's head, forested fern, columbine, delphinum, and scarlet mimulus along the water borders.
they grow slighter as the trail ascends—it is possible now to make nearly the whole distance in gravity cars for that purpose provided, but i recommend a sure-footed mule for the true mountain-lover—until above the source of the streams, from dips and saddles of the range, above [44] the summer-shrunken glaciers, where the trees are bowed and the chaparral creeps as if awed and dizzy, it is possible to have a glimpse of the still unconquered and unconquerable "sage brush county." all along the back of the sierra madre wall the desert laps like a slow tide, rolling up and receding with the drouths and rains. the eye takes it in no less slowly than the imagination. it stretches, in fact, to the colorado, but a haze of heat obscures its eastern border; long whitened lines of alkali, like wave marks, set the seasonal limit of its encroachments. here and there shows the dark checkering of fertile patches, spilled over from the rich west-lying valleys; trending east by south lies the sierra madre like an arm, guarding the favoured region.
and yet in her very favour the mother mountain is impartial, for equally as she saves the south from desertness, she has denied to us the one instrument by which the desert could be mastered. mighty as man is in transforming the face of the earth, he is nothing without the rains.
