a fixed creed is absolutely indispensable to freedom. for while men are and should be various, there must be some communication between them if they are to get any pleasure out of their variety. and an intellectual formula is the only thing that can create a communication that does not depend on mere blood, class, or capricious sympathy. if we all start with the agreement that the sun and moon exist, we can talk about our different visions of them. the strong-eyed man can boast that he sees the sun as a perfect circle. the shortsighted man may say (or if he is an impressionist, boast) that he sees the moon as a silver blur. the colour-blind man may rejoice in the fairy-trick which enables him to live under a green sun and a blue moon. but if once it be held that there is nothing but a silver blur in one man's eye or a bright circle (like a monocle) in the other man's, then neither is free, for each is shut up in the cell of a separate universe.

but, indeed, an even worse fate, practically considered, follows from the denim of the original intellectual formula. not only does the individual become narrow, but he spreads narrowness across the world like a cloud; he causes narrowness to increase and multiply like a weed. for what happens is this: that all the shortsighted people come together and build a city called myopia, where they take short-sightedness for granted and paint short-sighted pictures and pursue very short-sighted policies. meanwhile all the men who can stare at the sun get together on salisbury plain and do nothing but stare at the sun; and all the men who see a blue moon band themselves together and assert the blue moon, not once in a blue moon, but incessantly. so that instead of a small and varied group, you have enormous monotonous groups. instead of the liberty of dogma, you have the tyranny of taste.

allegory apart, instances of what i mean will occur to every one; perhaps the most obvious is socialism. socialism means the ownership by the organ of government (whatever it is) of all things necessary to production. if a man claims to be a socialist in that sense he can be any kind of man he likes in any other sense—a bookie, a mahatma, a man about town, an archbishop, a margate nigger. without recalling at the moment clear-headed socialists in all of these capacities, it is obvious that a clear-headed socialist (that is, a socialist with a creed) can be a soldier, like mr. blatchford, or a don, like mr. ball, or a bathchairman like mr. meeke, or a clergyman like mr. conrad noel, or an artistic tradesman like the late mr. william morris.

but some people call themselves socialists, and will not be bound by what they call a narrow dogma; they say that socialism means far, far more than this; all that is high, all that is free, all that is, etc., etc. now mark their dreadful fate; for they become totally unfit to be tradesmen, or soldiers, or clergymen, or any other stricken human thing, but become a particular sort of person who is always the same. when once it has been discovered that socialism does not mean a narrow economic formula, it is also discovered that socialism does mean wearing one particular kind of clothes, reading one particular kind of books, hanging up one particular kind of pictures, and in the majority of cases even eating one particular kind of food. for men must recognise each other somehow. these men will not know each other by a principle, like fellow citizens. they cannot know each other by a smell, like dogs. so they have to fall back on general colouring; on the fact that a man of their sort will have a wife in pale green and walter crane's “triumph of labour” hanging in the hall.

there are, of course, many other instances; for modern society is almost made up of these large monochrome patches. thus i, for one, regret the supersession of the old puritan unity, founded on theology, but embracing all types from milton to the grocer, by that newer puritan unity which is founded rather on certain social habits, certain common notions, both permissive and prohibitive, in connection with particular social pleasures.

thus i, for one, regret that (if you are going to have an aristocracy) it did not remain a logical one founded on the science of heraldry; a thing asserting and defending the quite defensible theory that physical genealogy is the test; instead of being, as it is now, a mere machine of eton and oxford for varnishing anybody rich enough with one monotonous varnish.

and it is supremely so in the case of religion. as long as you have a creed, which every one in a certain group believes or is supposed to believe, then that group will consist of the old recurring figures of religious history, who can be appealed to by the creed and judged by it; the saint, the hypocrite, the brawler, the weak brother. these people do each other good; or they all join together to do the hypocrite good, with heavy and repeated blows. but once break the bond of doctrine which alone holds these people together and each will gravitate to his own kind outside the group. the hypocrites will all get together and call each other saints; the saints will get lost in a desert and call themselves weak brethren; the weak brethren will get weaker and weaker in a general atmosphere of imbecility; and the brawler will go off looking for somebody else with whom to brawl.

this has very largely happened to modern english religion; i have been in many churches, chapels, and halls where a confident pride in having got beyond creeds was coupled with quite a paralysed incapacity to get beyond catchwords. but wherever the falsity appears it comes from neglect of the same truth: that men should agree on a principle, that they may differ on everything else; that god gave men a law that they might turn it into liberties.

there was hugely more sense in the old people who said that a wife and husband ought to have the same religion than there is in all the contemporary gushing about sister souls and kindred spirits and auras of identical colour. as a matter of fact, the more the sexes are in violent contrast the less likely they are to be in violent collision. the more incompatible their tempers are the better. obviously a wife's soul cannot possibly be a sister soul. it is very seldom so much as a first cousin. there are very few marriages of identical taste and temperament; they are generally unhappy. but to have the same fundamental theory, to think the same thing a virtue, whether you practise or neglect it, to think the same thing a sin, whether you punish or pardon or laugh at it, in the last extremity to call the same thing duty and the same thing disgrace—this really is necessary to a tolerably happy marriage; and it is much better represented by a common religion than it is by affinities and auras. and what applies to the family applies to the nation. a nation with a root religion will be tolerant. a nation with no religion will be bigoted. lastly, the worst effect of all is this: that when men come together to profess a creed, they come courageously, though it is to hide in catacombs and caves. but when they come together in a clique they come sneakishly, eschewing all change or disagreement, though it is to dine to a brass band in a big london hotel. for birds of a feather flock together, but birds of the white feather most of all.